Hardness Removal

Lab X3 Hardness Removal The objective of the look into was to remove piddle hardness through the use of different methods such as chemical addition, flocculation, and settling. Equipment Used Buret 150 mL beaker 1-2L waver Filter paper, funnel Stir bar, magnetic stirrer Rapid mix reactor Stop watch Fisherbrand hundred-1000? L digital pipet incidental number DH94800 pH indi rangeor paper Experimental conditions 74. 6 ? F Data and Analysis Table 1 Parameters of untreated urine pH ALK tot (mg/L as CaCO3) TH (mg/L as CaCO3) atomic number 20 hardness (mg/L as CaCO3) Magnesium hardness (mg/L as CaCO3) 6. 9 188 328 296 32 Table 2 Data for hardness and separate parameters of softened wet pH Starting flummox (mL) Ending position (mL) Volume of 0. 0100M EDTA for total hardness titration (mL) Starting position (mL) Ending position (mL) Volume of 0. 0100M EDTA for calcium hardness titration (mL) 7 0. 00 4. 20 4. 20 6. 90 9. 85 2. 95 Calculations for softened water Total Hardness = 4. 20 mL 0. 0100 M EDTA50 mL (sample)*1000 mL1 L*1 mg CaCO31 mL 0. 0100 M EDTA=84 mgLCaCO3 atomic number 20 Hardness = 2. 95 mL 0. 0100 M EDTA50 mL (sample)*1000 mL1 L*1 mg CaCO31 mL 0. 100 M EDTA=59 mgLCaCO3 Magnesium Hardness = 84 mgLCaCO3-59 mgLCaCO3= 25 mgLCaCO3 Questions 1) Based on this experiment what additional step is needed to delineate the water suitable for human consumption? 2) What was the percentage removal of total hardness, calcium, and magnesium? The percentage removal for total hardness was 74. 39%, for Calcium 80. 06%, and for Magnesium 21. 88%. Total Hardness fate Removal = 100-84328*100=74. 39 % Calcium Percentage Removal = 100-59296*100=80. 06% Magnesium Percentage Removal = 100-2532*100=21. 88% ) How close did the treatment process deal to reaching the practical limits of hardness reduction? Hardness removal limits were non achieved. Calcium was reduced to a engrossment of 59 mg/L versus the limit of 30 mg/L. And in the case of Magnesium the concentr ation was reduced to 25mg/L versus the limit of 10mg/L. Calcium percent difference 30-5930=96. 66% (Absolute value) Magnesium percent difference 10-2510=150% (Absolute value) 4) How many metric scads of Ca(OH)2 and NaCO3 are necessary to process 59 million gallons of water per sidereal daytime based on the calculations of 1. a. and 1. b.?To run this water softening technique in a water plant processing 59 million gallons per day it would require 51 tons of Ca(OH)2 and 33 tons of NaCO3 2. 27*10-4kgL*223. 02*106L*(ton1000 kg)=51 tons of CaOH2 per day 1. 48*10-4kgL*223. 02*106L*(ton1000 kg)=33 tons of NaCO3 per day tidings Hard water is an issue for industries that rely on large amounts of water to operate. Hardness generated by elements such as calcium and magnesium cat ions produce scum in pipes and with many industrial chemicals reduces their overall effectiveness. That is why it is important to have economic and reliable ways of reducing water hardness in large scales.The parti cular method used in this experiment was lime soda softening. It has to be noted that this particular physical process altogether works for water that has an initial pH level let down than 8. Based on stoichiometry and the addition rules according to Nazaroff and Alvarez-Cohen we are able to cause what concentration of Ca(OH)2 and NaCO3 are needed to remove hardness from the water. Based on our results the softening of the water was a success. Initial total hardness was enter at 328 mg/L, after softening the concentration was found to be 84 mg/L.Looking individually at the reduction of calcium and magnesium the concentration was reduced from 296 mg/L to 59 mg/L and 32 mg/L to 25 mg/L respectively. crimson though a large amount of the hardness was removed from the water it was nowhere near the practical limit levels. This can be attributed to the particular that the reactions that dictate hardness removal suffer from diminishing returns. Sources of error in this lab can be att ributed to the fact that the sample water was only allowed to precipitate for 15 minutes instead of the 20 that was required as stated by the procedure.