To whom it may concern

I am writing this letter in fancy of consideration to your fine schoolman governance. I know there argon some irregularities in my recent academic past and I bank this letter can clear some of those things up as good as reassure you that I inquire the responsibilities of my academic career precise seriously and intend to maintain the academic standard of your institution.First, let me take the time to thank you for allowing me the opportunity to apply to your school. I selected your school for its steep history in our area as hygienic as the lineage curriculum that you offer. Several friends have recommended the university positively as a expectant place to learn and succeed so I intrust similarly to be able to thrive there.As you may be aware, the last semester at my previous institution was rather disastrous replying in a 1.71 boilersuit GPA for the term. I am quite ashamed at such a low score, however I wish to assure you that it is the result of a very tragic and u nusual role and not academic negligence.My mother fell quite ill during the term and was unable to survive and I had no choice but to take more hours at work to make up the slack. I attempted to drop my classes per my universitys instructions, however they only dropped two of the total classes I was enlisted in, and the stress and like from the extra work and assisting my ailing mother was simply too practically, resulting in such poor grades.My mother passed away earlier this summer, and its clich to tell apart that such a expiry makes you re-evaluate your life, but when you find yourself within the situation its quite true. I thought of all the things my mother has do for me, and all the things she will never see me accomplish that she wanted to.Her death specify fire to my spirits in a way and encourage me to re-enroll as soon as I could to finish what I exited, an statement my mother always wanted me to have.I know university considerations are not lots about sentime nt, but rather about academic rigor, commitment and honesty. until now I do feel I possess these as well and feel I will be a positive auxiliary to your student body. I am a US Navy veteran, having pass four years in the service of our country with pride.My time in the Navy was often met with hardship and required a will to die hard and taught me to be a stronger and more resourceful human being. Through your institution I hope to graduate and earn my commission to continue on with my career in the US Navy.In my application I have cover my naval evaluations. These are evaluations done at regular intervals that serve as a kind of report card of our service. While I generalise my last academic term may have put a bad mark on my academic history I hope the spotless record of my naval service can help to put a bit of perspective on my long-term prospects as an academic student. Should you require any additional documentation or assistance in reading said evaluations, please let me know.In closing, again, thank you so much for the opportunity to continue my education and to make my mother and country proud. I hope my admission to your university will be a fresh start for me on the road to my future career goals and happiness.

Paper on Education: A Gift or Not

The shape information usher out mean many things. An teaching is the collective friendship a person has, just what does an precept mean? Although an education foundation be paid for, no one can physically shake off you an education, so it is not a gift. There atomic number 18 societal situations where an education is a necessity, barely not many globally. Education is a machine to be utilized differently in every part of the world. fellowship is power, but some familiarity is more powerful depending on your region. If you are part a primitive tribe in New Guinea, a person that is considered to be better may be illiterate person.Whereas in America, an illiterate person would possess trouble functioning at all in society. Education is a gibe that is to be genuine by a combination of motive, preparation, support, and society. An education can be offered to soul, but the pupil can only take from it what is put in. A gift is something that can be addicted to someone regardless of the effort put forth by the individual, therefore an education is not a gift. Although an education cannot be presumption to someone, and it is not a gift, there are things that can be devoted to you that contribute to your education.Perhaps the greatest thing that can be provided is support. When a parent or teacher rewards a child for pick uping, it makes a conjunction in the childs mind that an education allow for pay off. When an educated and undefeated family strongly support a childs education, that child will pay back a better chance to obtain an education. The child will see that education and success coincide. A person that is to be educated has to be given many opportunities to run into new things. Some of these opportunities are as simplex as allow your four-year-old watch Sesame Street or letting your six-year-old make a sandwich.There are cases, however, when parents are not fit to promote their childrens education. If the parents are poor and uneducated, then a child will most likely be unmotivated towards school. The child might witness that his parents are managing to pull through, and think that he will be fitting to survive without an education as well. This will withhold the child from opportunities that an education would provide. Allowing that certain educational gifts are given to a person, they can call for the motivation it takes to receive an education. erst you pitch made the decision to progress to an education, certain virtues must be possessed. You must be motivated by something, weather it be money, power, or just the desire to learn. It is motivation that drives you to learn new things and to expand your horizons. You must prepare for an education. For everything that you want to issue, there is something else you pauperisation to know first. Before you can be right on a piano you must know music, and before you can be proficient on a computer you must learn to use a keyboard and a mouse.Even tho ugh these skills may seem intuitive to some, someone from a different social culture may not have been introduced to these ideas at all. You must also have certain resources provided. To learn in an institution, often times you need money, books, and other materials that, sadly enough, cannot always be secured. This situation exemplifies the problems that one can face when an education is desired but outside scarcities disallow. There are some circumstances where special educational aspects are a necessity in a certain region, but education is not global.In most developed countries a lawyer would be considered an educated person, but if a lawyer was sent to a more primitive society he would be lost. A sodbuster educated in cultivation in Nebraska could nourish himself indefinitely, but take away his farm and he has nothing but the knowledge of farming. There are certain things that a person must know in order to have the power to survive in a chosen society. These things change with regards to the society at hand. In more developed places it is pertinent that you know how to read.Without this skill a person will remained staidly uninformed, dis affiliated, and uneducated. The ability to read is the stepping stone to self-education. A literate person with motivation and knowledge of construction can become successful with very runty institutionalized education. This skill, as it applies to American social culture, is the most important attribute of an education. Without the ability to read, a person would have to either settle for an exceedingly unskilled job, grow their own food, or resort to thievery.In a accomplished society such as this, not many populate find the need to do these things. Instead people achieve an education, learn a trade or a profession, and earn money to prosper. However, in some societies it is perfectly normal not to be able to read, and a person will manage to survive on other skills such as hunting. Regardless of where you are o r what you do, education is an asset. It is a tool that you add to every day, and that no one can take from you. Once you have truly learned something, it will be with you forever, and you will be able to put that information into use whenever it applies.Your education is something you truly own. It cannot be taken away in a bet, by a bankruptcy, and it cannot be stolen. Once you are educated in a particular field, you have job security. If you are a programmer, and your company goes under, you will be able to find another position as a programmer. When you are educated you make more money and have the better jobs, because it shows that you are apply to learning. You will not age as fast as someone with a labor intensive job, and chances are you will not have a career ending injury on the job.It is education that gives you options, keeps you connected to the world, and keeps you informed. Although an uneducated person has the resources to inform themselves, they rarely have the ab ility or motivation it takes to utilize these resources. An education can be achieved by anyone who has the motivation, support, and resources it takes too receive an education according to their perception. This education is a made up of support, motivation, and the necessity to survive. This education cannot be taken. This education means survival and success.

Fashion and Art Essay

A controversial debate that has existed for many years, and will probably still be argued for many years to come, is the relatively nigh relationship that manner and imposture has. People in both the behavior and guile industries (or as nearly trickists like to call subterfuge orb) have very mixed opinions and ideas on the collaboration of vogue and art and how one may influence the other in the industry we stand in today.Art is Art and fashion is an industry, as quotationd from in Michael Boodros Art and counterfeit (2007), he believes that Fashion is just a man made craze that has exactly been popularised by the many pursual in public that are cloned to consume the ideas of make. Boodro also believes that fashion comes with no illusions attached He believes that there isnt a depth to fashion as there is in art, he believes art is an academia with coarse depths of knowledge involved as to fashion, which is a shallow and very homochromatic in its appearance, with no hidden messages.He goes on to let off that the interest in fashions first started in the late 1800s/early 1900s when only the rich and wealthy could afford artwork, in a form of portraits, and so these painters created puzzle out fashions in this paintings, learning the art of drapery and how to portray fabrics in the outperform possible light, For example Gustav Klimt, portraits of women, designed dresses that were more prominent than his subjects. avocation on from this, Boodro then goes on to highlight around interesting colligate between art and fashion in how the artists has al personal manners formed the extravagance for the designer, such as Valentino has taken black and white geometric motifs from the Viennese artists Josef Hoffman and Koloman Mosen and embroided them in sequins and dresses Many other examples there to highlight that a divulge to a designers success is by taking inspiration from previous art work by innovative and productive artists, which suppor ts Boodros opinion that fashion is a follower and a form of art.Clothes were showd in an extra-artistic sphere- where the most part they have remained. This is taken from a contrasting fleck of writing from Fashion and Art by L. Svendsen (2006). As you can see, the title of respect Fashion and Art is a reverse to Boodros Art and fashion, this is because, as quoted above, Clothes (fashion) were placed in an extra-artistic sphere, meaning that he sees Fashion as a seperate category to Art, and non a tined off form of art itself.Svendsen has a much more play off opinion for both sides of the opinion, he can pick out where Art and Fashion do merge into one, and also how Fashion has separated itself from art. He stated that in the early 1900s, Fashion was very limited and boundaries were severe due to Freedom was rather restricted, as the creations had to appeal to the aesthetic preferences of the guest.Even though artists and art critics will strongly disagree that Fashion is a form of Art, even iconic designers such as capital of Minnesota Poiret, one of the first iconic fashion designers of the early 20th speed of light stated I am an artist, not a dressmaker, designers hated how critics would limit their title to just a dressmaker, limiting their skills and talents or else of creative s that they dream to be acclaimed for.Another controversial quote though from a famous designer, Martin Margiela who insists that fashion is a craft, not art Moving into the 1920s and 30s with the Cubism perception in artwork replacing realism, Fashion also in turn started to become more abstarct, and this was when Haute Couture was born, designs became more elaborate and the previous boundaries that existed were lifted, giving designers a vast playground in which they could get word with their work and ideas.Many Fashion Designers have used strategies normally associated with modern-day art rather than the world of fashion, by creating clothes that are give suited t o exhibitions in galleries and museums than for actual wearThis shows a great standoff between fashion and art, it was evolving to become so abstract and outrageous that the best way for them to be displayed to their best potential was in galleries and museums, the same way as artwork would be, For example now in Museums such as the Victoria and Albert in London, there is now Fashion Archives, and many transnational designers have homed themselves there for one-off elaborate exhibitions.To conclude I think that I would categorise Fashion as a form of art, but not a direct result of art, I think many flock have similar opinions of the two because they are such broad topics with an some unlimited amount of space for creativity. I do agree that some of fashions many successful collections and campaigns stemmed from the innovative ideas of previous artists but some of the more successful fashion moments have been solely down to the creative minds of the designer If I had to categori ze the fashion industry and the Designers work, I would place it under craftsmanship and creativity, as previously quoted by Martin Margiela. To finalise though I believe that art and fashion shouldnt be designate and the two should be able to intertwine to create magical and nasty pieces.

History of the United States Essay

1990 Apush DbqPaige Reinfeld Jacksonian DBQ The uproar of the people of the U.S. was heard subsequently the change elections of 1824. It wasnt until 1828, the year the Jacksonians came into power and satisfied the popular demand after a mudslinging battle against the aristocrats. The Jacksonian Democrats claime agio 599 Words 3 PagesJacksonian Democrats Oppressors of the familiar ManKeegan Kylstra 12/9/12 APUSH Darnell Jacksonian Democrats unpitying Oppressors of the crude Man. There is no doubt that the Jacksonian Democrats changed the Statesn accounting. Their cross off of bally(a) populism increased semipolitical participation throughout the nation, with millions of white work force balloting by th tribute 991 Words 4 PagesApush Dbqs2011 DBQ (Form A) 1. break apart the international and domestic challenges the United States faced between 1968 and 1974, and measure out how chair Richard Nixons administration responded to them. (Form B) 1. Explain the ways that partici pation in political campaigns and elections in the U subvention 2240 Words 9 PagesDbq hear on Ap Us autobiography Civil RightsAP United States memorial curriculum Chambless This vogue is designed to provide a college-level experience and preparation for the AP trial run in May. An emphasis is placed on interpreting documents, mastering a earthshaking body of factual information, and writing critical demonstrates. Topics include l1990 Apush DbqPaige Reinfeld Jacksonian DBQ The uproar of the people of the U.S. was heard after the corrupted elections of 1824. It wasnt until 1828, the year the Jacksonians came into power and satisfied the popular demand after a mudslinging battle against the aristocrats. The Jacksonian Democrats claime subvention 599 Words 3 PagesJacksonian Democrats Oppressors of the Common ManKeegan Kylstra 12/9/12 APUSH Darnell Jacksonian Democrats Ruthless Oppressors of the Common Man. There is no doubt that the Jacksonian Democrats changed American histor y. Their brand of fiery populism increased political participation throughout the nation, with millions of white men voting by th gift 991 Words 4 PagesApush Dbqs2011 DBQ (Form A) 1. Analyze the international and domestic challenges the United States faced between 1968 and 1974, and evaluate how chair Richard Nixons administration responded to them. (Form B) 1. Explain the ways that participation in political campaigns and elections in the U support 2240 Words 9 PagesDbq Essay on Ap Us History Civil RightsAP United States History Syllabus Chambless This course is designed to provide a college-level experience and preparation for the AP Exam in May. An emphasis is placed on interpreting documents, mastering a significant body of factual information, and writing critical essays. Topics include l Premium 8213 Words 33 PagesJacksonian DbqJacksonian DBQ In 1828, Andrew Jackson, the Democratic outlook in the election and war hero from the battle of New Orleans, became President of the United States. Jackson had a very(prenominal) strong personality and was very outspoken about everything happening in the nation throughout his presidency. Ja Premium 1521 Words 7 PagesJacksonian Democracy DbqKathy Dai M. Galvin AP USH Period 1 Jacksonian Democracy DBQ The Jacksonian democracy of the 1820s-1830s is often associated with an expansion of the political influence, economic opportunities, and social equation available to the parkland man, a concept of the masses which Pres Premium 1208 Words 5 PagesApushThe College Board Advanced Placement interrogation UNITED STATES HISTORY SECTION I1 (Suggested writing time40 minutes) Directions The future(a) question requires you to construct a coherent essay that integrates your interpretation of Documents A-H and your friendship of the period referred to in th Premium 1613 Words 7 PagesApush throwUNITED STATES HISTORY Preparing for the Advanced Placement Examination John J. Newman, Ed.D., has served as auxiliary Assistant P rofessor of History Education at Illinois University and Adjunct Professor of History at the College of DuPage. He was for many years surgical incision Coordinator of Art, For Premium 295930 Words 1184 Pagesapush study guide2005 AP U.S. History try out rig -2- TABLE OF CONTENTS 2006 FRQ Study surpass . 3 2006 DBQ Study Guide .. 4 Historical Periods To Memorize Premium 2252 Words 10 PagesDbq on Andrew JacksonDBQ Andrew Jackson Jacksonian Democrats believed that they were protecting individual liberty, political democracy, the equality of economic opportunity, and upholding the rights of the Constitution of the United States. In my opinion, the Jacksonians were, to some extent, guardians of the U Premium 809 Words 4 PagesAp Dbq ListA.P. United States History 2. Name___________________________Date________ Chapter 26. The Great air jacket and the Agricultural Revolution, 1865-1896. Theme 1 After the Civil fight, whites overcame th Premium 5047 Words 21 PagesDbq 10Cory Bonda 10/10 /10 AP US HISTORY Mr. Mangan DBQ 6 Jacksonian Democrats, Protectors of the Constitution During the 1830s and 1820s the Jacksonain Democrats viewed them selves as the protectors of the Constitution from other parties who had a loose on the constitution. This statement c Premium 605 Words 3 PagesJacksonian DemocracyNohemi Ayala Mr. Ellingsen Per. 5 AP U.S. History DBQ 2 Jacksonian democrats, supporters and followers of Andrew Jackson, were indeed the guardians of democracy and the interest of the common people. They insisted on a strict abiding to the constitution, the expansion of political democr Premium 1012 Words 5 PagesDbq 2http//www.eddysvision.com/2011/12/ap-us-history-dbq-practice-jacksonian.html *Note- Incorporate a stripped-down of five Doc. references into DBQ. Be sure to site them. DBQ ESSAY QUESTION iodine *Note (Warning)- I am aware that there are examples of this essay online. I have access to all of them Premium 4077 Words 17 PagesDbq Essay 1DBQ Essay Jacksonian Demo cracy was a causal agent for much democracy in the American government in the 1830s. This finical movement was led by President Andrew Jackson. Jackson had wanted more rights for the common man, and wanted to eliminate all aristocracy in the American nation. This Premium 1274 Words 6 PagesHistory DbqAlexandra Harris DBQ January 8, 2013 Between the 1820s and 1830s the Jacksonian Democrats played a huge role in formative the United States, as we know it. During this time Jacksonians viewed themselves, not only as guardians of the Constitution, but also of political democracy, indiv Premium 611 Words 3 PagesApush condescend Exam GuideAPUSH Fall Exam First John marshall Supreme Court chief appointed by John Adams hardened many precedents for the way the US Constitution is currently interpreted. Henry the Great Compromiser a lawyer, politician, and skilled orator who represented Kentucky in both the Senate and in the House of Representativ Premium 412 Words 2 PagesApush ReviewA P US History Review Columbus 1800 Consider the 5 Ws when thinking about history Who, What, When, Where, & Why/How is it important? Ch. 1 New World Beginnings, 33,000 B.C.-A.D. 1769 Reasons for colonization Colonists who in the end embraced the vision of America as an independent nat Premium 91071 Words 365 PagesApush Study Guide 17APUSH Study Guide 17 The Sectional Struggle, Reborn, 1848-1854 Themes/Constructs The sectioned conflict over the expansion of slavery that erupted after the Mexican War was temporarily silenced by the Compromise of 1850, but Douglass Kansas-Nebraska work of 1854 re-ignited the issue again. Premium 2950 Words 12 PagesApush OutlineThe American Pageant, thirteenth Edition Textbook Notes Chapter 01 New World Beginnings I. The Shaping of North America 1. Recorded history began 6,000 years ago. It was 500 years ago that Europeans band foot on the Americas to begin colonization 2. The theory of Pangaea exists suggesting t Premium 114209 Words 457 Pageslkdfmg lkn

Factors Affecting Mammal Populations

What do you find out by the term strategical kind vision c be?Is in that location any grounds that this is a utile fashion in assisting cheeks to maximize the part of their employees and t here(predicate) by contribute to the competitive advantage of the establishment.As a consequence of your reappraisal, what changes give the sack you urge to your government beivitys HR organization?My tribunalScapa Tapes Ltd is in brief a piddle awayr of several(predicate) tapes trades which has a planetary performance force of over 1000 stack, I use the term limnly as with the of on the whole time germinating planetary commercialize, who knows what they will be fashioning in 100 sr. ages as they started as a kiln-dried doing go with, the present Scapa Tapes Ltd was formed in a 1927 as Scapa Dryers Ltd, Rotunda became the stolon tapes confederacy to fall in Scapa in 1987, in the following 10 old ages Scapa fixd a figure of other tape companies in an acquisition mad ness most noteworthy Lindsay and Williams Ltd ( UK ) 1988, Adenax ( Italy ) 1992, Saba ( France ) 1993 Barnier ( France & A Ger many another(prenominal) ) 1993, Renfrew Tapes ( Canada ) 1995, Coating Sciences Inc ( the States ) 1995, Finite ( USA ) 1997, Sellotape Indus running game ( UK & A Switzerland ) 1997,The tapes companies become known as Scapa Tapes in 1998, a twelvemonth subsequently Scapa Tapes divested the traditional paper headache to slenderize to the full on the tapes concern.Another acquisition programme began in 2000 and by the term of 2001 the had acquired Acutek International corporal ( USA ) , Great Lakes Technologies, Medifix Adhesive Products ( UK ) , Lusa Incorporated ( USA ) And finally Cable Comp angiotensin-converting enzyments ( UK ) , during this clip they entered into a joint go with Mei Wei Holdings ( HK ) this was a important measure as this gave Scapa entree to markets end-to-end the Far East to congratulate the sites around Europe and North Am erica. www.scapa.comIn 2004 and with the Ashton site was losing ?3 million a twelvemonth, a reappraisal of the eddy of the bon ton took topographic point and sweeping alterations to the construction of the company were do and a whole new in-between counseling squad was recruited.During many of these ulterior acquisitions thither was a degree of Strategic pitying mental imagery heed, besides in the restructuring programmes at that place would bobby pin been person flavour at the aim for man resources.Strategic man alternative forethoughtMost heap would hold that administrations primal as postures are the quite a little whom the administration employs they are the people that finally pose a difference to whether the company succeeds or failures. It is imperative to any administration that it secures the right people to make up the right occupations at the right clip. Once you find these people it is congenital that the administration keeps these merciful resou rces engaged, the Harvard concern reappraisal OnPoint say Staff everyday assistance and their degree of satisfaction has been found to straight impact on organizational commonplace initiation Strategic man resource thrill is a common attack to the strategical elbow room of human resources in personal field of credit with the purposes of the administration on the future way it privations to take. Human resource direction is aline with longer-term people issues and macro-concerns about geological formation, excellence, civilization, rules, committedness and duplicate resources to future demands of the administration ( Armstrong, 2001 ) .Strategic human resource direction evolved from forces direction which was ab initio implicated with the give risement of people in mills, and was introduced to turn to issues sing the ailments and the wellness and public assistance of the workingmans. Traditionally proprietors and directors thought the l one(a) thoughts of any impo rtance were their ain, this bureaucratic mental attitude was reflected in the work of Fredrick Winslow Taylor ( 1911 ) , Taylors theoretical account of scientific direction was fundamen score, directors were at that place to program, and control lowtakings and the work force was expected to tape find out their instructions. ( Torrington et al 2005 ) .As the kineticss in the descent with the trade brotherhoods and direction changed the forces direction duties grew beyond public assistance to other countries such as guaranting agreeable industrial dealingss and successful forces disposal. During this period the importance was on formulating and guaranting the residency to organizations and procedures.www.alagse.com sourced 21st February 2011.With the outgrowth of the planetary market in that respect were alterations in the scotchal state of affairs brought approximately by increasing competition. This competition resulted in an accession in the handiness of clients. It besi des ensured much pick for these clients. That in bend, gave a new facet to the market place it gave clients a accomplishable penchant. This in consequence compels companies to constantly innovate and give the type of mensurate to clients that the competition set up non fit. With this displacement in concern kineticss, companies realised that people in spite of appearance the administration and their cognition is the lone resource of sustainable competitory advantage. As other resources related to stuffs, equipment, engineering, fundss and so on piss proved fiddling lived, in the absence of the human capital capable of utilizing these resources efficaciously and efficiently ( Guest1987 ) . This can be summed up as if you do non hold trusty trained staff raceway a machine or system so the machine or system is efficaciously merely every bit good as your worst member of staff.Companies now bevel on people s country of expertness and their consciousness of markets, especiall y client outlooks and challengers market moves, for directing advanced new merchandises. This alteration in attack of direction saw the outgrowth of the thought of Human imagination focal point.This flexibleness and committedness are frequently, but non ever dissimilar inwardly Human Resource worry and asks new inquiries refering these subjects. Committedness within the piece of work is recognised as the dedication of an employee to their employer. in that location is a positive relationship between the degree of committedness and a high degree of employee satisfaction, self-respect, psychological liaison, efficiency and increased productiveness ( Guest 1987 ) .The distinguishing factorsThere get hold of been ever debates about whether human resource direction represents a new speculation in the teaching and separatement of forces direction as a more strategic attack was adopted. Based on research by Warwick University s IR Research Unit in the late eighties finished a w ide-ranging survey of varied companies, Storey in 1992 conducted a painstaking survey to distinguish between Human Resource Management and Personnel Management and his elaborate decisions under four wide classs can be seen in Appendix 1.The function of the Strategic Human resource is acquiring of all time more demanding with issues of employee engagement, human resource flow, public presentation direction, wages systems and high committedness work systems in the scope of globalisation. Some of the chief issues that HR professionals and superior direction involved in Strategic Human Resource Management are contending with in the first decennary of the twenty-first century include. InternationalizationIncreased competition expert alterationNew constructs of line and general directionCorporate climes .Cross- ethnic issues .The economic displacement inSHRM besides reflects some of the chief modern-day challenges face up by Human Resource Management Aligning HR with magnetic core con cern dodging, demographic tendencies on employment and the labor market, incorporating soft accomplishments in HRD and eventually Knowledge Management. www.ezinearticles.com accessed twenty-eighth January 2011.An illustration of this internationalization is the Strategic Human Resource Management within Scapa. It is really complex as the company is a transnational endeavor, it has to take into consideration the cultural differences between the states that its sites are situated. This includes the United States of America, Canada, France, Korea, Malaysia, Italy every bit good as the United Kingdom.There is an old expression originally used by Buckminster Fuller who stated planetary thought, local action .There are some distinguishable deductions within SHRM in administrations which are associated straight with globalization and internationalization, perchance the biggest existence linguistic communication accomplishments, and the transferability of direction accomplishments as distinguishable civilizations react other than to dissimilar direction manners. ( Hofstede, 1980 ) .Some issues for Human Resource Management in an internationalised environment as described by Torrington et Al are, these issues include how can the cultural differences be accommodated and how well-grounded communicating can be hold across long distances, distinct clip zones, different direction premises. ever-changing national norms and different linguistic communications Torrington et Al ( 2009 ) . In these different states there are besides differences in the Laws, Education, Social proviso and Pensions etc. this makes the occupation of Strategic Human Resource in an international context really disputing. Hofstede ( 2001 ) discussed the cultural differences and the power distance in over 40 states, his findings could be inaccurate as all the participants of his research worked for the same company and this does non give a full demographic contemplation.Strategic Human Res ource Management can embrace a figure of Human Resource schemes such as the analytical Harvard Framework ( 1984 ) or the Balanced pit Card ( BSC ) , Kaplan and Norton ( 1992, 1996 ) . There may be schemes to present sensible and even-handed payment, to puzzle public presentation or to reconstitute organisations. However, in themselves these schemes are non strategic human HRM. Strategic HRM is the general construction which determines the form and bringing of the champion schemes.The undermentioned definitions are from the CIPD book Strategic HRM the key to improved concern public presentation, within which there is wide-ranging coverage of the assorted definitions and attacks to HRM, scheme and strategic HRM. Strategic HRM is based on HRM rules integrating the construct of scheme. So if HRM is a logical attack to the direction of people, strategic HRM now implies that that is through with(p) on a planned manner that integrates organizational ends with policies and action seque nces . www.cipd.co.uk sourced 28th January 2011The primary end of strategic human resources is to increase employee efficiency by looking at the obstructions that occur outside of human resources. The primary actions of a Strategic Human Resource director are to acknowledge cardinal HR countries where schemes can be implemented in the long tally to better the overall employee motive and efficiency. Communication between HR and senior direction of the administration is indispensable as with no active engagement no coaction is accomplishable.The cardinal elements of Strategic Human Resource Management are the precise relationship associating HR policy and patterns and overall organisational strategic ends and the organisational environment. There should be a procedure for fall ining single human resource intercessions so that they are every bit supportive and eventually a big portion of the duty for the direction of human resources should be passed peck the line to line directors. w ww.cipd.co.uk sourced 1st February 2011.A Human Resources executive director as a member of senior direction must set up what patterns, plans, policies and attacks will optimise the realisation of the organisation aims. This means that in his place he must be responsible for originating and implementing the most strong use of the human assets at all degrees. The primary map of the human resources place is to do an of import part to the development and apprehension of both the administration s long term and short-run aims, whilst assisting, where possible, all(prenominal) employee to develop to the fullest extent of his possible. This requires a mechanism and concern strength adviser as contrasted with the traditional function of the forces manager. www.EzineArticles.comScapa s Human Resource Director function, should hold the duty to spurt, suggest and put to death, processs and policies and program to guarantee the most effectual prep, enlisting, resource, use, motive, devel opment, and compensation of the organisation human resources and lend to the development and accomplishment of the organisation long-range and short-run aims by originating and implementing employee dealingss patterns which will enable and promote each employee to recognize his personal ends while maximising his part to concern effectivity supply for the declaration of direction jobs and the realisation of chances through advanced attacks to human resources direction. www.ezinearticles.com sourced 7th February 2011.The Strategic Human Resource Management map at Scapa is really much in the background. Though it is unusual that everybody knows that the administration has a Human Resources Department, it is frequently seen as the topographic point you go to acquire disciplined, the premise that most people within the administration take for no thought of the undertakings that HR section undertake on a cardinal hours to twenty-four hours footing. They do non understand that most of the policies and process to filtrate down into the administration are from determinations made at a higher degree.Strategic Human Resources Management is an of import plus to any concern as it provides expertness in enlisting, choice and employee dealingss. It plays a major function send hit alteration and easing preparation and development, in enlisting, choice and employee dealingss, it is inbuilt in determinations made about pensions and benefits, and possibly most significantly it plays a major portion in pass oning with employees.The Strategic HRM program within Scapa encompasses many countries, it surely contributes to the competitory advantage of the administration, holding late under gone a major restructuring of our senior executives and planetary direction squads the scheme of the concern and the HRM have been entwined. The scheme of HRM at Scapa is therefore described as to guarantee that Scapa has the right people, optimally deployed and decently engaged to present the scheme and concern consequences Appendix 2Key countries within the Scapa scheme for Human Resource Management are Organisation Design, as administrations are non inactive, alterations are continually taking topographic point in the concern, the environment in which the concern operates, and people who are employed within the company. There is no concern utopia, the most we can anticipate is to accomplish the trounce tantrum available between the construction and these altering fortunes ( Armstrong, 2001 ) .Scapa as an administration appears to habituate a scoop out fit attack to near to HRM, as the administration s attack to HRM appears to be based on eventuality possibleness in other words, that different fortunes, conditions, and concern aims will necessitate different types of HR policies and patterns. Rather than there being one best manner, the best fit attack tends to presume there will be one most suited manner of pull offing HR in line with concern scheme .Tho ugh it this does hold its disparagers who ask whether many houses truly have a competitory scheme and how this can be identified, and suggest that it is invariably altering in line with the competitory environment-all of which make it impossible for those inventing HR policy to be able to accomplish the best tantrum. www.jrank.org/business sourced 15th February 2011.Attraction and choice, the focal point here being on pulling, and engaging the right endowment for the concern, that is capable, a good cultural tantrum and low-cost. This is even more of import at the higher terminal of the administrations construction. In his summing up of the competition for endowment ( Williams, 2000 ) used an interesting fiction today s high performing artists are like toads in a wheel barrow they can leap out anytime this should be taken as significance that you should non set a palpebra on them, but make the topographic point attractive plenty that they want to remain. Though the balance has t o be right between internal and remote enlisting otherwise employee battle could be affected.Performance Management, the purpose here is to inspire the public presentation direction system and that answerabilities are aligned to scheme and that ownership is understood and delivered. Armstrong and Baron ( 2000 ) specify public presentation direction as a strategic and incorporate attack to presenting keep up success to administrations by bettering the public presentation of the people who work in them and by developing the capablenesss of squads and single subscribers. The Strategy for this has to be decided at a higher degree but the application of the schemes have to be driven by line directors.Leadership Development, another of Scapa s first step is to set up effectual leaders in all degrees of the administration, aiming development and guaranting robust sequence planning is in topographic point. Whereas the in the 80 s a more formal attack to sequence planning was used, whic h included cautious analysis of the occupation to be filled, Torrington, Hall and Taylor ( 2000 ) discover that the focal point now tends to be on the demand to construct and develop a pool of endowment, without such a position as to how this endowment will be used in the hereafter. This suggests that administrations are freeing more people orientated and constructing endowment pools instead than merely make fulling functions.Reward and acknowledgment are of import as no people in the administration work for no wages, be that fiscal addition or even psychological addition, therefore it is in the administrations best involvements, to invent and set into pattern a just and pellucid acknowledgment system that focal point s on consequences.Battle, it is of import to continually better employees understanding of the concern and the administrations values and to prosecute in meaningful dialog and develop a Scapa manner , this is achieved in someway by running European broad forum s and the Scapa employee questionnaires, which are filled in around the basis at Scapa sites and are a good manner of looking how different civilizations are engaged in different ways. This is to assist the administration to develop a belief and committedness to the administration s intent and way. squirt ( 1999 )There is some grounds that this Strategic Human Resource Management is a utile construct in assisting administrations to maximize the part of their employees and there by contribute to the competitory advantage of the administration. at heart our administration we have the alone accomplishments and resources working to implement schemes that rivals can non implement as efficaciously. It is non passable though for an administration to merely to hold an advantage over your rivals. You have to be able to battle today s fierce market forces and uncertainness.The administrations competitory advantage demands to be sustainable and able to digest the trial of clip for your com pany to be great this is because most advantages can be duplicated within a period of clip. Michael Porter, the Harvard competitory advantage guru, amounts this up by stating, It is improbably chesty for a company to believe that it can present the same kind of product/service that its challengers do and really do better for really long. It is highly unsafe to wager on the incompetency of your rivals . www.homebusiness.about.com. Sourced 13/02/2011.The administration usage a host of these schemes to seek and hit some competitory advantage, we use many at the same clip. The stream authorization which is being driven and became a policy of the company is the sheer Six Sigma attack which the administration is taking to implement. This encompasses many of the countries that the administrations schemes aim to act upon.With the demands of the administration, make up ones minding that lam Six Sigma was the manner frontward, this was an illustration of the how the organizational desig n portion of the company scheme can act upon other countries of the Strategic Human Resource Management. Other considerations of the attractive force and choice of, in the first case the advisers and so the people who are take to go green belts and finally black belts in the doctrine of Lean Six Sigma. The administration will be looking for people to drive forward the squads and run the Lean Six Sigma undertakings. This would promote more focal point on public presentation issues and wages and wage. This would prosecute people as they realised that, there was another agency of ego identification within the administration. Maslow ( 1987 ) .Basically the HRM Strategy should aline with the concern scheme. This should include proposals on increasing competitory advantage through invention taking to merchandise / service distinction, productiveness additions, improved quality / client service, cost decrease. Within the administration we used a signifier of suggestion strategy which we called Scapa s Got Talent the administration used this strategy to come up with tonss of different thoughts to guarantee that the administration have a steadfast base on which to so look to introduce. With tonss of little bettermentsRecommendations that I would do to better my administrations would beAs the Human Resource Management Strategy is confidential there is a really limited sum of people who understand the overall ends of the HRM. There is a demand for the administration to be more crystalline as most things that are done seem to be wrapped in secretiveness, by doing the HR Strategy confidential it prevents certain groups from cognizing the all right points of the scheme. They ever know the HR Strategy exists, but they have no entree to the item of the scheme. Transparency is one of cardinal rules for Human Resources. Transparent human resource scheme brings focal point on the scheme and can be to the full discussed in the organisation as all the employees and directors have a opportunity to inquire about the fine points of the scheme this evokes argument. The human resource scheme is a life document and as a life papers, it can non be confidential, hence one of my recommendations would be for a more crystalline Human Resource Management Strategy. www.yourhrmguide.com sourced 24th February 2011Strategic Human Resources Management is driven by corporate civilization, directors and employees, and these are different in every administration.www.jrank.orgDistinguishing factors HRM and Personnel ManagementKey AspectPersonnel directionHRMBeliefs and premisesContractCareful word picture of written contractAim to travel beyond written contract bend by the spirit of the contractRulesPush on inventing clear regulations can make attitude restlessness with regulationsGuide to direction actionProceduresBusiness and client demands, flexibleness, committednessBehaviorsIn line with imposts and normsIn line with values and missionDirectors undertakingMonit oringFosteringStrategic facetsCardinal dealingssLabour directionCustomersEnterprisesPiecemealIntegratedCorporate programMarginalizedCardinalSpeed of determinationsDecelerateFastLine directionManagement functionTransactionalTransformational leadingKey directorsP & A IR expertsLine directorsSkillsNegotiationFacilitationKey leversAttentionForces processsCultural and geomorphologic issues and forces schemesChoiceFringy importanceIntegrated and cardinal undertakingWageJob ratingPerformance basedCommunicationRestricted flow / mediateIncreased flow / directJob designDivision of laborTeam workConflict handlingImpermanent footingPull offing civilization and climeTraining & A developmentControlled entree to classsLearning organizationsAppendix 1hypertext transfer communications protocol //www.alagse.com/hr/hr2.php

Cultural Difference Essay

Compare and oppose the Poetry of mob Berry and John Betjeman, with varianceicular reference to the heathen Differences. Refer to at Least two Poems by each(prenominal) PoetJames Berrys poems are compose from the perspective of a noblewoman named Lucy. Lucy moved to England because she had heard the streets were practically paved with gold there. She put outs letters to her conversance Leela in the form of poems. Lucy regrets her move to England in a passel of ways and finds it gloomy and cold.She misses Jamaica and doesnt genuinely like capital of the United Kingdom besides she is too proud to admit that, so her letters in any case deal a number of positive yet vain sounding points to the highest degree the advantages of living in England, such as, An doctors free. Lucy writes of how she has, turned a battery hen, in the poem Lucys Letters because she feels trapped in London. She was used to a relaxed and friendly way of life in Jamaica so the culture in London came as a big shock to her. London is a lot bigger and much less friendly than Jamaica. In Jamaica invariablyyone knows each other so Leela asked Lucy in a letter to her if shed ever met the pantywaist. Lucy is used to the unspoilt beauty of the Jamaican scenery so London comes as a big change. She happen upons it to Leela asA parishOf a pasture-lan what great(p) crisscross streets.In Jamaica Lucy could leave her door unlocked hardly write of how she cant do that in LondonI extract keys everywhereLife heres no opensummer.She sees the lifestyle as monotonous because every day seems the same. She feels in some ways that she doesnt really be persistent in London. In the poem From Lucy Englan Lady she describes the Queen as universe, Like she a space touris, because she is somewhat alienated from the occupy of the population. Lucy feels she can relate to her because she feels alienated too. Lucy ends the poem with the Jamaican proverb, Bird spill sweet for its nest, squiffying you shou ld stick to what youre suited to.When Lucy travels back to Jamaica, she realises it has changed and zip is as she remembered it. She is glad to come back but feels she doesnt really belong there either anymore. Some things like the lie, the sea and the proceeds they eat hasnt changedI eat a mango chthonic treeA soursop ripened for meA pawpaw kept.She appreciates the sun more after being in London for so long as well and she is pleased these things are as she remembered them. The landscape has changed but more importantly, the people choose too. Everyone she knew has changed and she is no longer friend with everyone. She writes rough her holiday in the poem From Lucy Holiday ReflectionsI seePuppa is clappers in the groun,Mumma cant see to climb mountnLan.She knew her father was dead but it doesnt really hit home until she sees it for herself because in her mind he was still alive. She uses personification when describing the landscape, writing, ample fig tree gone as ghost. The one thing that hasnt really changed is Leela who is just as she remembered her. She is glad they are still friends though, yet though Lucy has changed, finishing the poem by writingToo many another(prenominal) sea waves passed betweenUs, chile. Let us remind the other,Length of era gets length of rope buried.Betjemans poems are named after counties and describe the country lifestyle he was used to when he was younger. His county poems are written in two contrasting sections. In the poem Hertfordshire Betjeman writes of how he was do to join his fathers shooting syndicate. His father thought he was a milksop after he accidentally fired a gun into the ground, sayingHow many times must I rationalise?The way a boy should hold a gun?In the second half of the poem, Betjeman writes of how that large, open countryside has been replaced with rows of identical and box-like houses. He writes of how the old heartless churches and thatched cottages look, strange and ill. He sums this u p by writing, One cant be sure where London ends, this relates to an earlier line in the poem, denomination villages that used to be miles away from London which are now part of it. It caused his father great pain to see his son couldnt shoot, which contrasts greatly with the happy relationship between Leela and Lucy in Berrys poetry. Betjeman ends the poem with the wordsFar more would these have caused him painThan my mishandling of a gun.This mean even though he was upset that his son couldnt shoot, it would have broken his heart to see the Hertfordshire countryside had been urbanised. It is also ironic that the ones who appreciated it were also the ones who destroyed it for the next generation.In the poem Essex, Betjeman writes as he looks at a colour plate book. The book contains pictures of Edwardian England. Betjeman describes it as beingLike Streams the little by-roads runThrough oats and barley round a hillTo where blue willows catch the sunBy some whitened weathered board ed mill.

The Difference Between Administrative Management

chartered INSTITUTE OF ADMINISTRATORS AND MANAGEMENT CONSULTANTS-GHANA POST association QUALFYING PROGRAMME SUBJECT maestro ADMINISTRATION PREPARED BY KWEKU OKOAMPAH SARPONG STUDENT NUMBERST/PEQP/AU/12/002 DATE tenth NOVEMBER 2012 Question 1 Discussed the struggle between administrative way and maestro formation In either line of work pretend the collective business of the psychenel running it, is to advance it remunerative and tempt with a common goal of giving it an annual growth.A good and make grow administration combined with efficient precaution is the prerequisites for running a receiptscapable business and giving it annual growth. Professional Administration and administrative circumspection atomic number 18 like two hands of a business that run away in synch to achieve the goals that be set by the organisation. Administration is some snips used to refer to the activities of the broad(prenominal)er level of the focusing group who see to it major(ip ) aim and policies. This tail end be c every last(predicate)ed the broader use of the terminal which very lots used in government department (e. g. he civil service). It is in addition used in the narrow sense of curbling the mean solar day to day running of the enterprise. Administration on unmatchable hand lets the organisation with the indispensable goals and custody whereas solicitude provided the means to achieve the goals effectively and efficiently. Brech de alone rights administration as that part of the wariness action concerned with the institution ( outgrowth) and carrying out of procedures by which the programme is laid down and communicated, and the progress of activities is regulated and checked against targets and plans. Robert C. Appleby (1994) lists administrative management as a sub- trunk inwardly the total milieu of an enterprise. The prove of Administrative Management defined administrative management, inwardly the context of great power ma nagement, as that branch of management which is concerned with the services of obtaining, recording and analyzing impress aim, of planning, and of communicating, by means of which the management of a business safeguards its assets, promotes its affairs, and achieves its objectives?The administrative management function facilitates planning, organise, directing and controlling activities across all functional argonas in faces. As much(prenominal), it thunder mug be seen as the nervous arranging of organizations, directing and coordinating all parts and ensuring that the whole body functions smoothly and efficiently. Administrative Management layabout in any case be said to be the process of creating bring onment establishment and supervising its flow from, and to anformer(a)(prenominal)s at bottom an organization.Most job functions within a business involve performing some form of administrative management in order to store and pass on information to those within the comp all who study to use it in order to contri unlesse to the business. Professional administration on the other hand is the study of contemporary organisational principles with an emphasis on their applications in the modern take to the woods intrust whether in the administrative and take placeership skills of private, public organization, and non-profit organizations. This discip individualised line of credit is airlessly associated with public administration.The world-wide friendship of Administrative Professionals (IAAP) defines administrative master keys or professional administrators as individuals who be obligated for administrative tasks and coordination of information in support of an office related surroundings and who be dedicated to furthering their personal and professional growth in their chosen profession. Professional Administration is alike close a framework of bodily governance, talk, and the handling of information, in a rational approach to i dentifying postulate, making and implementing decisions, and observe and reviewing performance.Professional Administration is a business management principle, concerned with total stake kick iner interest, organizational security, sound and strategic sparing decision process, and ethical discipline at that place is a free burning debate whether or non management or administration is a profession. The following are the difference between Administrative Management and Professional Administration. In Administrative Management, there are no formal educational requirement for entry It does not require special clients. They serve a broad group of organisation. stockholders there is no system of accreditation or licensing In Administrative Management there is no overt compute of management moral philosophy that is universally enforced by mate review. on that point are no common bodies of knowledge that are lackful for someone to be a manager. Where as in Professional Adm inistration in that respect exist a body of principles, skills and techniques and specialized knowledge. There are similarly formal methods of acquiring training and experience. There are code of ethics regulating relations of professional persons with clients and colleagues. Such as the Hippocratic Oath of medical professionals. There exist similarly mandatory continuous professional cultivation programmes for members. Despite the supra differences, we can say that management is coming closer than ever before to satisfy these criteria for professionals. This is seen in the development of skills and techniques, much training facilities and greater use of management consultants. Question 2 Identify dialogue barriers and describe slipway to remove them installive communication is the essence of leadership and management. It is neither elucidate-down nor bottom-up, but two-way and continuous. tie in article Limitations of Administrative ManagementCombine various media and techniques to give the flop core to the right populate at the right meter. Good communication of any sorting always aims to meet the needs of all parties. Definition Communication is the preferential response of an organism to a stimulus. It is a process by which information is exchanged between or amongst individuals through a common system of symbols, signs and look (- Himstreet). Communication is the key factor in the success of any organization. When it pass offs to effective communication, there are certain barriers that every organization appears.People often feel that communication is as easy and simple as it sounds. slice this is true on one level, what makes it complex, difficult and frustrating are the barriers that come in its way. There are several barriers that affect the flow of communication in an organization. These barriers interrupt the flow of communication from the sender to the receiving system, thus making communication ineffective. It is indispens able for managers to overcome these barriers. The main barriers of communication are summarized below. perceptual and Language Differences Perception is slackly how from severally one individual interprets the world most him. wholly generally want to receive depicted objects which are significant to them. But any message which is against their values is not accepted. A same event snow-cladthorn be taken differently by different individuals. The linguistic differences as well lead to communication disruption. Same word gaberdinethorn mean different to different individuals. Information choke off Managers are surrounded with a kitten of information. It is essential to control this information flow else the information is likely to be misinterpreted or forgotten or overlooked.As a result communication is slight effective. Time Pressures Often in organization the targets have to be achieved within a specified time period, the failure of which has adverse conseque nces. In a haste to meet deadlines, the formal channels of communication are shortened, or messages are partially given, i. e. , not completely transferred. Thus sufficient time should be given for effective communication. Distraction/Noise Communication is also affected a pass out by hitch to distractions.Physical distractions are also there much(prenominal) as, poor lightning, uncomfortable sitting, unhygienic room also affects communication in a meeting. Similarly use of loud speakers interferes with communication. Emotions emotional state at a particular point of time also affects communication. If the receiver feels that communicator is angry he interprets that the information being sent is very bad. While he takes it differently if the communicator is happy and jovial (in that case the message is interpreted to be good and interesting). Complexity in Organizational affectionate expression Greater the hierarchy in an organization (i. e. more the number of manage rial levels), more is the chances of communication getting destroyed. Only the pot at the top level can see the overall picture while the people at low level further have knowledge virtually their own area and a little knowledge about other areas. Poor retention Human memory cannot function beyond a limit. One cant always retain what is being told especially if he is not interested or not attentive. This leads to communication breakdown. There is a lot of communication barriers faced these days by all.The message mean by the sender is not understood by the receiver in the same terms and sense and thus communication breakdown occurs. It is essential to deal and cope up with these communication barriers so as to ensure smooth and effective communication. How to Remove/overcome these barriers of communication Eliminating differences in perception The organization should ensure that it is recruiting right individuals on the job.Its the responsibility of the interviewer to ensure that the interviewee has command over the written and spoken language. There should be proper Induction program so that the policies of the company are absolve to all the employees. There should be proper trainings conducted for required employees (for e. g. Voice and accentuate training). Use of Simple Language Use of simple and clear talking to should be emphasized. Use of ambiguous words and jargons should be avoided. Reduction and exclusion of noise levels Noise is the main communication barrier which must be overcome on priority basis.It is essential to identify the source of noise and then eliminate that source. Active Listening Listen attentively and carefully. There is a difference between earr individually and hearing. Active listening means hearing with proper dread of the message that is heard. By postulation questions the speaker can ensure whether his/her message is understood or not by the receiver in the same terms as intended by the speaker. Emotional State During communication one should make effective use of body language.He/she should not show their emotions while communication as the receiver superpower misinterpret the message being delivered. For example, if the conveyer of the message is in a bad mood then the receiver might think that the information being delivered is not good. Simple Organizational building The organizational structure should not be complex. The number of hierarchical levels should be optimum. There should be an ideal span of control within the organization.Simpler the organizational structure, more effective volition be the communication. Avoid Information Overload The managers should know how to prioritize their work. They should not overload themselves with the work. They should spend quality time with their subordinates and should listen to their problems and feedbacks actively. Give Constructive Feedback Avoid giving negative feedback. The limit of the feedback might be nega tive, but it should be delivered constructively. Constructive feedback leave alone lead to effective communication between the superior and subordinate. Proper Media Selection The managers should in good order select the medium of communication. Simple messages should be conveyed orally, like face to face interaction or meetings. Use of written means of communication should be encouraged for delivering complex messages. For significant messages reminders can be given by using written means of communication such as Memos, Notices and so on Flexibility in meeting the targets For effective communication in an organization the managers should ensure that the individuals are meeting their targets timely without skipping the formal channels of communication.There should not be much pressure on employees to meet their targets. Question 3 What are the advantages and disadvantages of having one person hold the offices of hot seat of the be on and chief in operation(p) office r? bodied management ordinarily consists of a lineup of directors and corporate officers. The room appoints the senior corporate officers, such as the chairman, and chief administrator officer. some(prenominal) companies combine the Chairman and chief operating officer roles, while others appoint different individuals for each position. Advantages Having clear and unambiguous authority concentrated in one person is essential to effective management.Unity of command creates clear lines of authority to which management (and the dis escape panel) can respond more effectively Another advantage is, in an milieu where strong, directive, stable, and unconfused leadership is seen as critical to organizational success this genial of legitimacy is an important signal to stakeholders about who is accountable. Having one person unite the chief executive officer and Chair positions enhances the postings management performance. The scorecard management responsibilities require that it make key decisions affecting the company. A combined chief operating officer-Chair, provides the identity card with more complete and timely information about the company, provides the company with a unified command structure and a consistent leadership direction, and creates a collaborative and collegial environment for board decision making Board Chair who also serves as the chief executive officer is likely to spend more time at the company, to have more detailed information about the strengths and weaknesses of the company, and to have a deeper understanding of the operational and financial health of the company. Disadvantages There is a conflict of interest on one person hold some(prenominal) position of a board chairman and a chief executive officer of an organization. When the chairman is also the chief executive officer, Management has a de facto control. Yet the board is speculate to be in charge of management. Checks and balances have been thrown to t he wind. Having a one acting as a board Chair and a chief executive officer of the company it does not bring fresh knowledge and an insight to the boards decision-making process. Another disadvantage is that once the there is a of separating the chief executive officer and Chair positions the board go out not be able to performs its observe role better when there is a nonexecutive Chair.The monitoring role requires directors to asseverate oversight over corporate managers in order to detect and discipline managerial inefficiencies and misconduct. Thus, duality whitethorn cause failure by the board to effectively monitor and control. 3. b) What are the pros and cons of selecting an insider versus an outsider?Pros for an insider A positive swan in the attached line of managers that hard-work will pay off and they can get a promotion if they can prove themselves. Being sound known to the decision makers He /she would know the lively processes and flows in them a nd would be easily able to identify the weak-links easily and can cure with their expertise. existing domain business and organization acculturation knowledge would help inner chief executive officer. Will join on the confidence in level of every employee and make them believe that everyone will have equal opportunity of getting promoted to next if they can perform. Would be able to team up easily with existing team and would be able to guide them in showing them sunrise(prenominal) path or direction. Cons for an insider The inevitable presence of adversaries within the organization who whitethorn work subtly to tarnish the performance of the new CEO sometimes if he/she is not able to bring up the new ideas it could bomb the bringing in new person. Acceptance of new CEO from within would be a question when he/she has been picked up from the second line of management. Having their weakness well known to the selection groupPros for an outsider Would be able to bring new i deas based on their experiences from different work culture where they have been on the job(p) Will be able to see things as an outsider easily and so will be able to provide corrective actions whenever required. Could bring a positive energy into existing workforce when they were not able to see any light of hope with existing process or management. Would bring in best practices from the other organisations he/she might have worked with and very much helpful if he is having one-time(prenominal) experience in similar domain. Act as a gas for change, for example loosen naturalized patterns. Entering into an atmosphere of optimism and hope to benefit strongly on the opportunity at hand. Cons for an outsider Recommending precisely what insiders had been unsuccessfully suggesting for ages or missed recommending what insiders had been unsuccessfully suggesting for ages. Absence of strong consanguinitys with both(prenominal) major vendors and customers and perhaps a narrow win dow within which to build them Explaining things in ways that annoyed insiders or made them feel misunderstood, under-represented or wronged. Initials board skepticism of the candidates talent to lead the enterprise as a result of the new CEOs lack of understanding and the appreciation of the enterprise. Question 4 What elements would characterize an effective working relationship between a Board and a CEO? The board of directors chooses the CEO and delegates to him or her, the responsibility for running the company. Thus begins a hopefully productive, albeit complex, relationship. The boards role in this relationship is first to understand and revere of the CEO? s strategies and plans and then to monitor the execution of those plans and to periodically evaluate the results.Finally, the board must decide whether, when, and how it should intervene. How the board executes its role is critical to the success of the relationship and, ultimately, of the business. The essential relat ionships will provide both the board and CEO with a clear understanding of the effective CEO-Board relationship and to enable boards and CEO to both assess and improve their current performance in delivering against each of their relationship attributes. The following are some of the identified element that will characterize an effective relationship between a Board and a CEO Commits to act in the best interest of the organisation. exclusively parties recognize and coddle their obligation to work in the best interest of the organisation Builds close but independence relationships Board members should not let personal friendships with the CEO interfere with carrying out their responsibilities. Independence of board members from a CEO does not require an adversarial relationship to the contrary, the parties must establish and develop effective ways of communicating and working together in a collaborative confederacy built on mutual respect.All parties work to build robust professi onal relationships but ensure that these relationships demonstrate the independent required for the CEO to do his/her job and for the board to maintain objectivity in reviewing the CEOs recommendations and performance. Establishes distinct roles and responsibilities both the Board and the CEO maintains clearly defined and communicated roles and responsibilities. All parties are completely knowledgeable about their own responsibilities and the responsibilities of their counterpart. Effectively advises the CEO the board serves as a critical mentor and advisor to the CEO.Beyond ability to advice on the content of strategic decisions, the chairman provides thoughtful, actionable guidance on how to effectively translate strategy into action. The board maintains an open-door policy for the CEO to taste guidance. Establishes precise expectation all parties set distinct expectations for themselves and for each other. All parties establish clear objectives. All parties keep their promise s. Demonstrates humbleness, self-awareness and a low-ego approach all parties bring a genuine level of intellectual and professional humility to each interaction.They are all self aware of their strength, weakness and limitations. They are comfortable with having their ideas rigorously challenge. Board members should not let personal friendships with the CEO interfere with carrying out their responsibilities. Demonstrate honesty, trust, respect and transparency all parties work to establish relationships characterized by the highest standards of honesty, trustworthiness, respect and transparency. All parties work to create an environment characterizes by mutual respect and are fully transparent regarding their opinions, plans and fundamental motivations.To execute its responsibilities well, the board must have a workable governance model. Such a model should address issues central to establishing and maintaining an effective process for making and administering corporate policy . A governance model should acknowledge part approaches to the following Choosing or clarifying the business or businesses in which the sight will operate Hiring the right people in terms of both their abilities and their values Aligning the interests of the board and management with those of the shareholders Developing mutually harming goals, policies, and standards of performance for the CEO Evaluating plans to achieve agreed-upon goals Remaining knowledgeable about the unbendables activities and performance and evaluating the results Reacting appropriately to the results by holding management accountable and rewarding or intervening as necessary Boards of directors creating and following this or a similar governance model should be well on their way to establishing productive partnerships with their CEOs. Board members are advised to recall the predominate importance of hiring an effective CEO for the firm.The right person for the situation will strive to solve Proble ms that might exist and seek to improve upon established methods. The wrong person, however, is likely to create new problems for the firm and the board. Question 5 a) screen the importance of eradicating white discover evil and its impact on the integrity of the CEO. Criminologist and sociologist Edwin Sutherland first popularized the term white get the picture disgust in 1939, defining such a detestation as one connected by a person of respectability and high social post in the course of his occupation. Sutherland also allow ind abhorrences pull by corporations and other legal entities within his definition. Sutherlands study of white pinch discourtesy was prompted by the view that criminology had incorrectly focused on social and economic determinants of umbrage, such as family background and level of wealth. According to Sutherlands view, nuisance is committed at all levels of society and by persons of widely diverging socio-economic backgrounds. In particular, a ccording to Sutherland, crime is often committed by persons operating through large and powerful organizations.White haul crime, Sutherland concluded, has a greatly-underestimated impact upon our society. Sutherlands definition is now somewhat outdated for students of the criminal law. As white discernment crime began to capture the attention of prosecutors and the public in the mid-1970s, the term came to have definitions quite different from the one Sutherland used. Indeed, studies have shown that crimes we generally number white tweak, such as securities boloney and tax contrivance, are committed not just by persons of high social status but by people of divergent backgrounds.Thus, although the term white collar crime is a misnomer, it continues in widespread use. This is probably so because white collar crime provides a convenient moniker for distinguishing such crime in the public mind from common or street crime. Definitional, therefore, white collar crime is an activity committed by a person of respectability and high social status in the course of their occupation?. Furthermore, crimes undertaken by corporations and other legal entities are also encompassed in this definition. Types of White-Collar CrimeThere are several types of white collar crimes, which embarrass, but not limited to Corporate fraud This can involve activities such as falsification of financial information including false accounting entries, bogus trades designed to inflate profit or hide losses and false transactions designed to misrepresent restrictive oversight. Self-dealing by corporate insiders, including Insider trading, kickbacks, backdating of executive stocks option, misuse of corporate office for personal gain, and individual tax violations related to self-dealingFinancial fraud Healthcare fraud Altered or fabricated medical bills and other documents, excessive or unnecessary treatment or surgeries, Internet pharmacy fraud, auto cam stroke insurance fraud, Medica re prescription drugs, prescription of dangerous drugs, medical equipment, and hospital fraud. This is usually carried out by different aspects of a health care system and could include billing for services not rendered payment claims different from the rendered services, fork-like billingMortgage fraud Mortgage fraud indicators includes inflated appraisals, increased commissions/bonuses, falsification of impart applications, fake supporting loan documentation,. Such mortgage fraud schemes include property flipping, corporate identity theft, use or threat of bankruptcy to dupe home owners, inflated appraisals Insurance fraud premium diversions, workers stipend fraud Asset forfeiture or money laundering and occupational Crime Occupational crime occurs when crimes are committed to promote personal interests.Crimes that fall into this category include Altering books by accountants and overcharging or tare clients by lawyers. Organizational or Corporate Crime/fraud A much more cos tly type of white collar crime occurs when corporate executives commit criminal acts to benefit their company. There are a variety of corporate crimes that include the creation of inferior products drugs. Eradicating white collar crime and its impact on the integrity of the CEO To eradicate white collar crime and its impact on the integrity of the CEO, the following measures needs to be put in place Law and punishmentAccording to Ball and Friedman (1977320), statues aimed at economic regulation ( professional crime) often provide multiple, alternative sanctions. The sanctions may include cease and desist orders, injunctive divestiture proceedings, and awards of damages, monetary fines or forfeitures, seizures of goods, revocations of business or occupational licenses and prison sentences. They concluded that direct imprisonment is generally considered criminal sanctions whereas fine or money penalty, awards or damages and other forms of non-criminal sanctions are sort as civil or regulatory sanctions. Increased surveillanceInstitutions may decide to increase surveillance that aid in crime prevention, such activities may include auditing of accounts by external auditors in cases that involve embezzlement of money in institutions, retraining staff so that there will be reduced frauds in an institution. Social control theory The social control theory was developed by Travis Hirsch, this theory states that the socialization process helps individuals to develop social control and also help individuals to restrain from antisocial behavior however he stated that there are three forms in which crime could be eradicate or controlled.From the above explanation of the social control theory the occurrence of white collar crime can be prevented by direct control which involves increased threats of punishment, conscience will also help individuals to refrain from criminal acts, the close relatives will also restrain people from committing crimes and finally the need s atisfaction which will lender the individuals not to involve themselves in crime.For the white collar crimes there is need to compensate those who hold high offices with a sustainable amount of profits or wage, this will build control as depicted by the need satisfaction form of control, these officials will have no need to engage in criminal activity, direct control should also be reinforced through the discriminatory system and the police force, this will increase threats that will eventually reduce the occurrence and frequency of white collar crimes. Judicial systemThe judicial system has a major role to play in the prevention and control of the white collar crimes, rotting in the judicial system has also resulted to the increased occurrence of these crimes, wealthy people who commit this crimes have the funds to hire and corrupt the judicial system to win their way out of prison, therefore it is important to eradicate corruption in the judicial system in order to control suc h crimes. Corruption can be reduced by increased salaries to judge and also the development of organizations which specializes in dealing with corruption cases in the judicial system. Corporate initiatives Companies, banks, and financial institutions should play a vital role in fighting or eradicating white collar crime. For instance the Bank of gold coast has directed commercial banks to enhance the security characteristics of cheques to prevent fake cheques scams. The characteristics include the paper which is sensitive to chemical substances, the watermark, ultra-violet ink . on-the-job training is essential to ensure that the staffs are competent to detect fraud. Ethics A lot of pink-collar crimes are committed by persons at managerial and executive levels.Hence, the root of the matter would be that ethics should be observed by those in these positions of trust as they are more prone to committing such crimes because of the opportunities available to them by virtue of their po sitions. In a capitalist society, management and corporate subjects do not give emphasis to the questions of ethics. Career development of employees is based more on their job performance preferably than high ethical standards. The capitalist framework which occupys profit maximization and the corporate structure that emphasizes on production deadlines and quota have often created an arena for unethical business practices.To arrest this problem, corporate leaders and top level management should be exemplary examples of ethics and integrity. An explicit code of conduct and business ethics should be adopted that managers and executives are required to read, sign and follow. Apart from this, companies must develop a corporate climate that places ethical values above others. 5. b) Discussed the challenges in the fight against white collar crime. White collar crimes attract non-threatening images of guys in suits. And naturally we treat such individuals with respect and courtesy rathe r than fear and severity.It appears at times that our justice system does not place adequate emphasis on fraud and other white collar crimes especially when it is considered a non-violent victimless crime. One disturbing fact is how the offense is sensed, not as a criminal offense at all, but as simple bad judgment on the part of victims, by both the general public and by the victims themselves. This perception can lead to a tendency to blame the victims for their own losses. It affects how society sees the victims, and how the victims see themselves.This in chip can influence the way the offense is treated by law-enforcement and regulatory agencies, and when offenders are convicted, by the courts which sentence them. Compared to the murderers, rapists and urban gangsters that get the headlines, white-collar criminals just dont scare the public very much. They dont leave a chalk outline on the sidewalk or blood spatter on the wall. So while violent crimes demand a high profile res ponse from the police, the cost of white collar crime is significant but hard to measure in gentlemans gentleman costs. The following are the challenges in the fight against white collar crime Underestimation of LossesThe price tags attached to some economic crimes are so staggering that they are difficult to comprehend. As an example, the price of bailing out a single corrupt savings and loan institution surpassed the total of all the bank robberies in American history. Recent FBI statistics place the average take of an armed bank robbery at $3,177 while the Data touch Management Association reports that the average computer crime loss to banks may be as high as $500,000. The Best Lawyers A white-collar criminal, now rich off the spoils of others, can afford the best lawyers. LeniencyMany general assembly and judges are of the mind that, with an already overloaded justice system, jails should be used for violent offenders only, so fraudsters are given what are perceived as le nient sentences, or an absurdly low penalty in comparison to the crime committed, such as alternative sentencing (e. g. warnings, probation etc. ) or by buying their way out of prison by remunerative a fine or restitution. Police Resources While few laws are enforced 100%, white collar crime has a much lower margin of non-enforcement. Fraud and other white collar crime is not a priority for police departments.They are required to practice their resources to crimes of violence and, due to lack of trained personnel and financial resources, are not always able to investigate and prosecute suspected fraud and other white collar crime cases. Favourable Laws Laws are generally written in favour of the white-collar criminal. People who commit white-collar crimes are sometimes the same people who are in a position to see to it that their crimes are not defined too negatively. mortal Perception Whereas the impact of white-collar criminals on the nation is great, the cost to each indivi dual is small.White-collar crimes do not impact individuals with the same intensity as when one individual is victimized by a petty criminal. REFERENCES 1. build of professional Administrators www. iqps. org/ 2. International Association of Administrative professionals www. iaap-hq. org 3. What is an Administrative Professional? Who are Administrative Professionals? By Karen Porter (http//www. theeffectiveadmin. com/articles-for-administrative-assistants/administrative-professionals/) 4. Elthan F Becker and Jon Wortmann(2009) Mastering Communication at Work 5. www. utor2u. net/business/people/communication_barriers. asp communication Barriers 6. Effect of Communication Barriers in Business Communication www. managementstudyguide. com/effect-of-communication. 7. Robert C Pozen. (Nov 2009), Harvard Business check into 8. www. managementstudyguide. com 9. www. slideshare. net 10. Journal of Corporate Finance 3(1997) 189-220 11. White collar crime in Malaysia 12. www. articlesalley. com 13. www. crime-of-persuation. com 14. Professional Administration Guiding Principles and Discipline for the ever-living Executive, (2011) Samuel Mawusi Asafo CMC, CIPM.SMA International Printrite Inc. Ghana CHARTERED INSTITUTE OF ADMINISTRATORS AND MANAGEMENT CONSULTANTS-GHANA P. O. Box LG 645, Legon, Accra. Tel. 028 954 0066 POST EXPERIENCE QUALIFYING PROGRAMME TAKE HOME EXAMINATION BATCH JANUARY, may & SEPTEMBER 2012 SUBJECT PROFESSIONAL ADMINISTRATION SUBMISSION DATE SATURDAY 10TH NOVEMBER 2012 Reference Material Professional Administration Guiding Principles and Discipline for the Timeless Executive, (2011) Samuel Mawusi Asafo CMC, CIPM. SMA International Printrite Inc. Ghana ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS, TYPE WRITTEN IN 1. 5 SPACING ALL QUESTIONS CARRY EQUAL MARKS QUESTIONS 1.Discuss the difference between Administrative Management and Professional Administration. 2. Identify communication barriers and describe ways to remove them 3. a) What are the advantages and disadvantages o f having one person hold the offices of Chairman of the Board and CEO? b) What are the pros and cons of selecting an insider versus an outsider? 4. What elements would characterize an effective working relationship between a Board and a CEO? 5. a) Examine the importance of eradicating white collar crime and its impact on the integrity of the CEO. b) Discuss the challenges in the fight against white collar crime.

The Da Vinci Code Chapter 60-62

CHAPTER 60Sangreal Sang Real San Greal Royal Blood sanctum sanctorum grail.It was each(prenominal) intertwined.The Blessed grail is bloody shame Magdalenethe m separate(a) of the royal line of reasoning of the Naz bene christ.Sophie mat a new wave of disorientation as she s overlyd in the bothay of the ballroom and stared at Robert Langdon. The to a greater extent pieces Langdon and Teabing laid on the table tonight, the more unpredictable this puzzle became.As you corporation see, my dear, Teabing verbalize, hobbling toward a bookshelf, Leonardo is non the leave behindd unmatched who has been trying to divide the universe of discourse the truth or so the blessed Grail. The royal bloodline of messiah Christ has been chronicled in thoroughgoing(a) detail by scores of historians. He ran a finger polish a row of s invariablyal(prenominal) dozen books. Sophie tilted her head and scanned the lean of titles THE TEMPLAR REVELATIONSecret Guardians of the True Identi ty of ChristTHE WOMAN WITH THE alabaster JAR bloody shame Magdalene and the consecrate GrailTHE GODDESS IN THE GOSPELS Re seizeing the devoted FeminineHere is perhaps the best-kn ingest tome, Teabing said, drag a worn hardcover from the stack and handing it to her. The cover readHOLY BLOOD, HOLY grail The Acclaimed International BestsellerSophie glanced up. An international bestseller? Ive neer heard of it.You were young. This caused preferably a incite back in the nineteen eighties. To my taste, the authors do some dubious leaps of trustfulness in their analysis, that their innate premise is sound, and to their credit, they in conclusion brought the idea of Christs bloodline into the mainstream.What was the church buildings reaction to the book?Outrage, of course. only that was to be expected. after all, this was a secluded the Vatican had tried to bury in the fourth century. Thats part of what the Crusades were close to. Gathering and destroying entropy. The cur se bloody shame Magdalene posed to the men of the early church was potentially ruinous. non only was she the woman to whom Jesus had assigned the task of stranding the perform, entirely she overly had physical produce that the church buildings newly proclaimed deity had spawned a venomous bloodline. The perform, in order to def remove itself a createst the Magdalenes power, perpetuated her image as a whore and buried present of Christs marriage to her, t here(predicate)by defusing whatever potential claims that Christ had a surviving bloodline and was a mortal prophet.Sophie glanced at Langdon, who nodded. Sophie, the historic evidence supporting this is substantial.I admit, Teabing said, the assertions are dire, unless you must understand the church buildings efficacious motivations to conduct such a cover-up. They could never hasten survived public k promptlyledge of a bloodline. A child of Jesus would undermine the critical notion of Christs divinity and in that lo cationfore the Christian Church, which declare itself the sole vessel finished which manity could access the divine and deduce entrance to the kingdom of heaven.The five-petal rose, Sophie said, presageing suddenly to the spine of one and only(a) of Teabings books. The same get hold of design inlaid on the rosewood box.Teabing glanced at Langdon and grinned. She has a straightforward look. He off back to Sophie. That is the Priory symbol for the Grail. Mary Magdalene. Because her differentiate was proscribe by the Church, Mary Magdalene became incomprehensiblely k straight offn by some pseudonyms the Chalice, the Holy Grail, and the Rose. He paused. The Rose has ties to the five-pointed pentacle of Venus and the guiding Compass Rose. By the way, the word rose is identical in English, French, German, and many other languages.Rose, Langdon added, is also an anagram of Eros, the Greek god of sexual love. Sophie gave him a surprised gestate as Teabing plowed on. The Rose has perpetually been the premiere symbol of egg-producing(prenominal) sexuality. In primitive goddess cults, the five petals represented the five stations of womanly life birth, menstruation, develophood, menopause, and death. And in modern ms, the flowering roses ties to womanhood are considered more visual. He glanced at Robert. Perhaps the symbologist could apologise?Robert hesitated. A implication worrywise considerable.Oh, heavens Teabing huffed. You Americans are such prudes. He looked back at Sophie.What Robert is ham-fisted with is the fact that the b damageoming flower resembles the female genitalia, the sublime blossom from which all mankind enters the world. And if youve ever seen any paintings by Georgia OKeeffe, youll acjazzledge but what I mean.The point here, Langdon said, motioning back to the bookshelf, is that all of these books substantiate the same historical claim.That Jesus was a father. Sophie was se figure uncertain.Yes, Teabing said. And that Mary Magdalene was the womb that carried His royal stock. The Priory of Sion, to this day, still worships Mary Magdalene as the Goddess, the Holy Grail, the Rose, and the Divine Mother.Sophie once again flashed on the religious rite in the basement.According to the Priory, Teabing continued, Mary Magdalene was pregnant at the clock age of the crucifixion. For the gum elastic of Christs unborn child, she had no choice but to flee the Holy Land. With the sponsor of Jesus trusted uncle, Joseph of Arimathea, Mary Magdalene secretly traveled to France, indeed go to sleepn as Gaul. There she found safe refuge in the Jewish community. It was here in France that she gave birth to a daughter. Her name was Sarah.Sophie glanced up. They actually k presently the childs name? Far more than that. Magdalenes and Sarahs lives were scrutinously chronicled by their Jewish fosterors. Remember that Magdalenes child belonged to the billet of Jewish kings D desirous and Solomon. For this reaso n, the Jews in France considered Magdalene sacred royalty and revered her as the progenitor of the royal line of kings. Countless scholars of that era chronicled Mary Magdalenes days in France, including the birth of Sarah and the subsequent family tree. Sophie was startled. There exists a family tree of Jesus Christ? Indeed. And it is purportedly one of the cornerstones of the Sangreal documents. A complete genealogy of the early posterity of Christ.But what good is a documented genealogy of Christs bloodline? Sophie asked. Its not proof. Historians could not perchance confirm its au becauseticity.Teabing chuckled. nonemore so than they can confirm the authenticity of the Bible. Meaning? Meaning that tarradiddle is always indite by the winners. When two cultures clash, the loser is obliterated, and the winner writes the hi accounting books books which glorify their own cause and disparage the conquered foe. As Napoleon once said, What is history, but a fable agreed upon?He smiled. By its very nature, history is always a one-sided account. Sophie had never persuasion of it that way. The Sangreal documents simply tell the other side of the Christ story. In the end, which side of the story you rely becomes a matter of faith and personal exploration, but at least the information has survived. The Sangreal documents include tens of thousands of pages of information. Eyewitness accounts of the Sangreal nourish describe it as universe carried in four enormous trunks. In those trunks are reputed to be the Purist inventorys thousands of pages of unaltered, pre- Constantine documents, written by the early followers of Jesus, revering Him as a wholly human teacher and prophet. Also rumored to be part of the treasure is the legendary Q Document a manuscript that even the Vatican admits they believe exists. on the wholeegedly, it is a book of Jesus teachings, whitethornbe written in His own hand.Writings by Christ Himself?Of course, Teabing said. why woul dnt Jesus seduce unbroken a chronicle of His ministry? closely nation did in those days. Another explosive document believed to be in the treasure is a manuscript called The Magdalene Diaries Mary Magdalenes personal account of her relationship with Christ, His crucifixion, and her time in France.Sophie was silent for a long moment. And these four chests of documents were the treasure that the Knights Templar found under Solomons Temple?Exactly. The documents that do the Knights so powerful. The documents that have been the object of uncounted Grail quests through emerge history.But you said the Holy Grail was Mary Magdalene.If people are essaying for documents, why would you call it a search for the Holy Grail?Teabing eyed her, his expression softening. Because the hiding place of the Holy Grail includes a sarcophagus.Outside, the wind howled in the trees.Teabing spoke more gently now. The quest for the Holy Grail is literally the quest to kneel sooner the bones of Mary Ma gdalene. A journey to pray at the feet of the castaway one, the lost sacred feminine.Sophie felt an unexpected wonder. The hiding place of the Holy Grail is actually a tomb?Teabings hazel eye got misty. It is. A tomb containing the luggage compartment of Mary Magdalene and the documents that tell the true story of her life. At its heart, the quest for the Holy Grail has always been a quest for the Magdalene the wronged Queen, entombed with proof of her familys rightful claim to power.Sophie waited a moment as Teabing gathered himself. So much nearly her grandad was still not making aesthesis. Members of the Priory, she finally said, all these years have answered the charge of protecting the Sangreal documents and the tomb of Mary Magdalene?Yes, but the brotherhood had some other, more important duty as thoroughly to protect the bloodline itself. Christs lineage was in perpetual danger. The early Church feared that if the lineage were permitted to grow, the secret of Jesus and Magdalene would eventually surface and challenge the fundamental Catholic doctrine that of a divine Messiah who did not consort with women or engage in sexual union. He paused. Nonetheless, Christs line grew quietly under cover in France until making a bold get in the fifth century, when it intermarried with French royal blood and created a lineage known as the Merovingian bloodline.This news surprised Sophie. Merovingian was a term intentional by every student in France. The Merovingians founded Paris.Yes. Thats one of the reasons the Grail legend is so rich in France. Many of the Vaticans Grail quests here were in fact stealth missions to erase members of the royal bloodline. choose you heard of King Dagobert?Sophie vaguely recalled the name from a grisly tommyrot in history class. Dagobert was a Merovingian king, wasnt he? Stabbed in the eye while sleeping?Exactly. Assassinated by the Vatican in collusion with Pepin dHeristal. former(a) seventh century. With Dagoberts murder, the Merovingian bloodline was almost exterminated. Fortunately, Dagoberts son, Sigisbert, secretly escaped the round off and carried on the lineage, which later include Godefroi de Bouillon founder of the Priory of Sion.The same man, Langdon said, who ordered the Knights Templar to convalesce the Sangreal documents from down the stairs Solomons Temple and thus provide the Merovingians proof of their hereditary ties to Jesus Christ.Teabing nodded, heaving a ponderous sigh. The modern Priory of Sion has a momentous duty. Theirs is a threefold charge. The brotherhood must protect the Sangreal documents. They must protect the tomb of Mary Magdalene. And, of course, they must nurture and protect the bloodline of Christ those few members of the royal Merovingian bloodline who have survived into modern times.The words hung in the huge space, and Sophie felt an odd vibration, as if her bones were reverberating with some new kind of truth. Descendants of Jesus who survived into modern times.Her grandfathers voice again was whispering in her ear. Princess, I must tell you the truth close to your family.A chill raked her flesh.Royal blood.She could not imagine.Princess Sophie.Sir Leigh? The manservants words crackled through the intercom on the wall, and Sophie jumped. If you could join me in the kitchen a moment?Teabing scowled at the inopportune intrusion. He went over to the intercom and pressed the button. Remy, as you know, I am busy with my guests. If we adopt anything else from the kitchen tonight, we get out help ourselves. Thank you and good night. A word with you before I retire, sir. If you would. Teabing grunted and pressed the button. Make it quick, Remy.It is a sept matter, sir, hardly fare for guests to endure. Teabing looked incredulous. And it cannot wait until morning? No, sir. My question wont take a minute. Teabing rolled his eyes and looked at Langdon and Sophie. Sometimes I wonder who is avail whom? He pressed the button again. Il l be right there, Remy. Can I bring you anything when I come?Only freedom from oppression, sir.Remy, you realize your steak au poivre is the only reason you still work for me. So you tell me, sir. So you tell me.CHAPTER 61Princess Sophie.Sophie felt hollow as she listened to the clicking of Teabings crutches fade bolt down the hallway. Numb, she turned and faced Langdon in the deserted ballroom. He was already shaking his head as if reading her mind.No, Sophie, he whispered, his eyes reassuring. The same thought crossed my mind when I realized your grandfather was in the Priory, and you said he wanted to tell you a secret about your family. But its im possible. Langdon paused. Sauniere is not a Merovingian name.Sophie wasnt sure whether to feel relieved or disappointed. Earlier, Langdon had asked an unusual passing question about Sophies mothers maiden name. Chauvel. The question now made sense. And Chauvel? she asked, anxious.Again he shook his head. Im sorry. I know that would h ave answered some questions for you. Only two direct lines of Merovingians remain. Their family names are Plantard and Saint-Clair. some(prenominal) families live in hiding, probably protected by the Priory.Sophie repeated the names silently in her mind and then shook her head. There was no one in her family named Plantard or Saint-Clair. A weary undertow was pulling at her now. She realized she was no closer than she had been at the Louvre to apprehensiveness what truth her grandfather had wanted to promulgate to her. Sophie wished her grandfather had never mentioned her family this afternoon. He had torn open old wounds that felt as painful now as ever. They are dead, Sophie.They are not coming back.She thought of her mother singing her to sleep at night, of her father giving her rides on his shoulders, and of her granny knot and younger brother smiling at her with their fervent green eyes. All that was stolen. And all she had left was her grandfather.And now he is gone too. I am alone.Sophie turned quietly back to The Last Supper and gazed at Mary Magdalenes long red hair and quiet eyes. There was something in the womans expression that echoed the loss of a loved one. Sophie could feel it too.Robert? she said softly. He stepped closer. I know Leigh said the Grail story is all around us, but tonight is the first time Ive ever heard any of this.Langdon looked as if he wanted to put a comforting hand on her shoulder, but he refrained. Youve heard her story before, Sophie. Everyone has. We just dont realize it when we hear it.I dont understand.The Grail story is everywhere, but it is hidden. When the Church outlawed directing of the shunned Mary Magdalene, her story and importance had to be passed on through more discerning channels channels that supported metaphor and symbolism.Of course. The arts.Langdon motioned to The Last Supper. A perfect tense example. Some of at presents most enduring art, literature, and music secretly tell the history of Mar y Magdalene and Jesus. Langdon quickly told her about works by Da Vinci, Botticelli, Poussin, Bernini, Mozart, and superior Hugo that all whispered of the quest to restore the banished sacred feminine. Enduring legends same Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, King Arthur, and quiescence Beauty were Grail allegories. Victor Hugos crookback of Notre Dame and Mozarts Magic Flute were filled with Masonic symbolism and Grail secrets.Once you open your eyes to the Holy Grail, Langdon said, you see her everywhere. Paintings. Music. Books. Even in cartoons, theme parks, and popular exposures.Langdon held up his Mic discover Mouse watch and told her that Walt Disney had made it his quiet lifes work to pass on the Grail story to in store(predicate) generations. Throughout his entire life, Disney had been hailed as the Modern-Day Leonardo Da Vinci. both men were generations ahead of their times, uniquely gifted artists, members of secret societies, and, most notably, avid bagatellesters. Li ke Leonardo, Walt Disney loved infusing hidden messages and symbolism in his art. For the trained symbologist, observance an early Disney movie was the likes of being barraged by an avalanche of allusion and metaphor. well-nigh of Disneys hidden messages dealt with religion, pagan myth, and stories of the subjugated goddess. It was no mistake that Disney retold tales like Cinderella, quiescency Beauty, and Snow bloodless all of which dealt with the incarceration of the sacred feminine. Nor did one need a background in symbolism to understand that Snow White a princess who fell from grace after partaking of a poisoned apple was a clear allusion to the downfall of Eve in the Garden of Eden. Or that Sleeping Beautys Princess Aurora code-named Rose and hidden deep in the forest to protect her from the clutches of the evil witch was the Grail story for children.Despite its corporate image, Disney still had a savvy, playful element among its employees, and their artists still amu sed themselves by inserting hidden symbolism in Disney products. Langdon would never forget one of his students livery in a DVD of The Lion King and pausing the film to soften a freeze-frame in which the word SEX was clearly visible, spelled out by floating dust particles over Simbas head. Although Langdon suspected this was more of a cartoonists sophomoric prank than any kind of enlightened allusion to pagan human sexuality, he had learned not to underestimate Disneys grasp of symbolism. The bantam Mermaid was a spellbinding tapis of spiritual symbols so specifically goddess-related that they could not be connective.When Langdon had first seen The Little Mermaid, he had actually gasped aloud when he noticed that the painting in Ariels underwater home was none other than seventeenth-century artist Georges de la Tours The contrite Magdalene a famous homage to the banished Mary Magdalene fitting decor considering the movie turned out to be a ninety-minute collage of blatant ex emplary references to the lost sanctity of Isis, Eve, Pisces the fish goddess, and, repeatedly, Mary Magdalene. The Little Mermaids name, Ariel, possessed powerful ties to the sacred feminine and, in the Book of Isaiah, was synonymous with the Holy urban center besieged. Of course, the Little Mermaids flowing red hair was certainly no coincidence either.The clicking of Teabings crutches approached in the hallway, his pace unusually brisk. When their host entered the study, his expression was stern.Youd better explain yourself, Robert, he said coldly. You have not been honest with me.CHAPTER 62Im being framed, Leigh, Langdon said, trying to stay calm. You know me.I wouldnt kill anyone.Teabings tone did not soften. Robert, youre on television, for Christs sake. Did you know you were wanted by the authorities?Yes.Then you abused my trust. Im out(p) you would put me at risk by coming here and postulation me to ramble on about the Grail so you could veil out in my home.I didnt kill a nyone.Jacques Sauniere is dead, and the police say you did it. Teabing looked saddened. Such a contributor to the artsSir? The manservant had appeared now, standing behind Teabing in the study doorway, his armor crossed. Shall I show them out?Allow me. Teabing hobbled across the study, unlocked a set of wide glaze doors, and swung them open onto a side lawn. enchant follow your car, and leave.Sophie did not snuff it. We have information about the clef de voute.The Priory moxie.Teabing stared at her for several seconds and scoffed derisively. A desperate ploy. Robert knows how Ive sought it.Shes telling the truth, Langdon said. Thats why we came to you tonight. To talk to you about the sand.The manservant intervened now. Leave, or I shall call the authorities. Leigh, Langdon whispered, we know where it is. Teabings balance seemed to falter a bit.Remy now marched stiffly across the room. Leave at once Or I volition forcibly Remy Teabing spun, snapping at his servant. Excuse u s for a moment. The servants jaw dropped. Sir? I must protest. These people are Ill handle this. Teabing pointed to the hallway. After a moment of stunned silence, Remy skulked out like a banished dog.In the cool night breeze coming through the open doors, Teabing turned back to Sophie and Langdon, his expression still wary. This better be good. What do you know of the vertebral column?In the thick brush outside Teabings study, Silas clutched his pistol and gazed through the glass doors. Only moments ago, he had circled the house and seen Langdon and the woman talking in the large study. Before he could move in, a man on crutches entered, yelled at Langdon, threw open the doors, and demanded his guests leave. Then the woman mentioned the guts, and everything changed.Shouts turned to whispers. Moods softened. And the glass doors were quickly closed.Now, as he huddled in the shadows, Silas peered through the glass. The keystone is somewhere inner the house.Silas could feel it.Stay ing in the shadows, he inched closer to the glass, raring(predicate) to hear what was being said. He would give them five minutes. If they did not reveal where they had placed the keystone, Silas would have to enter and persuade them with force.Inside the study, Langdon could sense their hosts bewilderment. haughty Master? Teabing choked, eyeing Sophie. Jacques Sauniere? Sophie nodded, seeing the shock in his eyes. But you could not perchance know that Jacques Sauniere was my grandfather. Teabing staggered back on his crutches, shooting a glance at Langdon, who nodded. Teabing turned back to Sophie. Miss Neveu, I am speechless. If this is true, then I am truly sorry for your loss. I should admit, for my research, I have kept lists of men in Paris whom I thought might be good candi considers for involvement in the Priory. Jacques Sauniere was on that list along with many others. But Grand Master, you say? Its hard to fathom. Teabing was silent a moment and then shook his head. But it still makes no sense. Even if your grandfather were the Priory Grand Master and created the keystone himself, he would never tell you how to find it. The keystone reveals the pathway to the brotherhoods eventual(prenominal) treasure. Granddaughter or not, you are not qualified to receive such knowledge.Mr. Sauniere was dying when he passed on the information, Langdon said. He had check options.He didnt need options, Teabing argued. There exist three senechaux who also know the secret. That is the beauty of their system. One will rise to Grand Master and they will induct a new senechal and share the secret of the keystone.I bet you didnt see the entire news broadcast, Sophie said. In addition to my grandfather, three other prominent Parisians were murdered today. All in mistakable ways. All looked like they had been interrogated.Teabings jaw fell. And you speculate they were The senechaux,Langdon said. But how? A murderer could not possibly learn the identities of all four t op members of the Priory of Sion Look at me, I have been researching them for decades, and I cant even name one Priory member. It seems inconceivable that all three senechaux and the Grand Master could be discovered and killed in one day.I doubt the information was gathered in a case-by-case day, Sophie said. It sounds like a well-planned decapiter.Its a technique we use to fight nonionised crime syndicates. If DCPJ wants to move on a certain root word, they will silently listen and watch for months, identify all the main players, and then move in and take them all at the same moment. Decapitation. With no leadership, the group falls into chaos and divulges other information. Its possible someone patiently watched the Priory and then fervoured, hoping the top people would reveal the attitude of the keystone.Teabing looked unconvinced. But the brothers would never talk. They are sworn to secrecy. Even in the face of death.Exactly, Langdon said. Meaning, if they never divulged th e secret, and they were killed Teabing gasped. Then the location of the keystone would be lost forever And with it, Langdon said, the location of the Holy Grail.Teabings body seemed to sway with the weight of Langdons words. Then, as if too tired to stand some other moment, he flopped in a chair and stared out the window.Sophie walked over, her voice soft. Considering my grandfathers predicament, it seems possible that in total desperation he tried to pass the secret on to someone outside the brotherhood. someone he thought he could trust. Someone in his family.Teabing was pale. But someone capable of such an attack of discovering so much about the brotherhood He paused, radiating a new fear. It could only be one force. This kind of infiltration could only have come from the Priorys oldest enemy.Langdon glanced up. The Church.Who else? Rome has been seeking the Grail for centuries.Sophie was skeptical. You calculate the Church killed my grandfather?Teabing replied, It would not b e the first time in history the Church has killed to protect itself. The documents that accompany the Holy Grail are explosive, and the Church has wanted to destroy them for years.Langdon was having trouble buying Teabings premise that the Church would blatantly murder people to obtain these documents. Having met the new Pope and many of the cardinals, Langdon knew they were late spiritual men who would never condone assassination. Regardless of the stakes.Sophie seemed to be having similar thoughts. Isnt it possible that these Priory members were murdered by someone outside the Church? Someone who didnt understand what the Grail really is? The Cup of Christ, after all, would be quite an enticing treasure. Certainly treasure hunters have killed for less.In my experience, Teabing said, men go to far greater lengths to avoid what they fear than to obtain what they desire. I sense a desperation in this assault on the Priory.Leigh, Langdon said, the argument is paradoxical. why would m embers of the Catholic clergy murder Priory members in an effort to find and destroy documents they believe are false testimony anyway?Teabing chuckled. The ivory towers of Harvard have made you soft, Robert. Yes, the clergy in Rome are blessed with potent faith, and because of this, their beliefs can die hard any storm, including documents that contradict everything they hold dear. But what about the rest of the world? What about those who are not blessed with absolute certainty? What about those who look at the cruelty in the world and say, where is God today? Those who look at Church scandals and ask, who are these men who claim to speak the truth about Christ and yet lie to cover up the sexual abuse of children by their own priests? Teabing paused. What happens to those people, Robert, if persuasive scientific evidence comes out that the Churchs version of the Christ story is inaccurate, and that the greatest story ever told is, in fact, the greatest story ever soldLangdon did not respond.Ill tell you what happens if the documents get out, Teabing said. The Vatican faces a crisis of faith unprecedented in its two-millennia history.After a long silence, Sophie said, But if it is the Church who is responsible for this attack, why would they act now? After all these years? The Priory keeps the Sangreal documents hidden. They pose no immediate affright to the Church.Teabing heaved an ominous sigh and glanced at Langdon. Robert, I assume you are old(prenominal) with the Priorys final charge?Langdon felt his breath catch at the thought. I am.Miss Neveu, Teabing said, the Church and the Priory have had a tacit understanding for years. That is, the Church does not attack the Priory, and the Priory keeps the Sangreal documents hidden. He paused. However, part of the Priory history has always included a plan to unveil the secret. With the arrival of a specific date in history, the brotherhood plans to break the silence and carry out its ultimate triumph by unveil ing the Sangreal documents to the world and shouting the true story of Jesus Christ from the mountaintops.Sophie stared at Teabing in silence. Finally, she too sat down. And you think that date is approaching? And the Church knows it?A speculation, Teabing said, but it would certainly provide the Church motivation for an all-out attack to find the documents before it was too late.Langdon had the uneasy feeling that Teabing was making good sense. Do you think the Church would actually be capable of uncovering hard evidence of the Priorys date?Why not if were assuming the Church was able to uncover the identities of the Priory members, then certainly they could have learned of their plans. And even if they dont have the precise date, their superstitions may be getting the best of them. Superstitions? Sophie asked. In terms of prediction, Teabing said, we are shortly in an epoch of enormous change. The millennium has recently passed, and with it has ended the two-thousand-year-long astrological Age of Pisces the fish, which is also the sign of Jesus. As any astrological symbologist will tell you, the Piscean ideal believes that man must be told what to do by higher powers because man is incapable of thinking for himself. Hence it has been a time of fervent religion. Now, however, we are entering the Age of Aquarius the water bearer whose ideals claim that man will learn the truth and be able to think for himself. The ideological shift is enormous, and it is occurring right now.Langdon felt a shiver. Astrological prophecy never held much interest or credibility for him, but he knew there were those in the Church who followed it very closely. The Church calls this transitional stopover the End of geezerhood.Sophie looked skeptical. As in the end of the world? The Apocalypse?No. Langdon replied. Thats a common misconception. Many religions speak of the End of Days. It refers not to the end of the world, but rather the end of our current age Pisces, which be gan at the time of Christs birth, spanned two thousand years, and waned with the passing of the millennium. Now that weve passed into the Age of Aquarius, the End of Days has arrived.Many Grail historians, Teabing added, believe that if the Priory is indeed planning to release this truth, this point in history would be a symbolically apt time. Most Priory academics, myself included, anticipated the brotherhoods release would coincide precisely with the millennium. Obviously, it did not. Admittedly, the Roman calendar does not mesh perfectly with astrological markers, so there is some colour in area in the prediction. Whether the Church now has inside information that an exact date is looming, or whether they are just getting nervous on account of astrological prophecy, I dont know. Anyway, its immaterial. Either scenario explains how the Church might be motivated to launch a preemptive attack against the Priory. Teabing frowned. And believe me, if the Church finds the Holy Grail, t hey will destroy it. The documents and the relics of the blessed Mary Magdalene as well. His eyes grew heavy. Then, my dear, with the Sangreal documents gone, all evidence will be lost. The Church will have won their age-old war to rewrite history. The past will be erased forever.Slowly, Sophie pulled the cruciform key from her sweater pocket and held it out to Teabing.Teabing took the key and analyse it. My goodness. The Priory seal. Where did you get this? My grandfather gave it to me tonight before he died. Teabing ran his fingers across the cruciform. A key to a church?She drew a deep breath. This key provides access to the keystone.Teabings head snapped up, his face wild with disbelief. Impossible What church did I miss? Ive searched every church in FranceIts not in a church, Sophie said. Its in a Swiss depository bank. Teabings look of excitement waned. The keystone is in a bank? A burial vault, Langdon offered.A bank vault? Teabing shook his head violently. Thats impossible . The keystone is supposed to be hidden beneath the sign of the Rose.It is, Langdon said. It was stored in a rosewood box inlaid with a five-petal Rose. Teabing looked thunderstruck. Youve seen the keystone? Sophie nodded. We visited the bank.Teabing came over to them, his eyes wild with fear. My friends, we must do something. The keystone is in danger We have a duty to protect it. What if there are other keys? Perhaps stolen from the murdered senechaux? If the Church can gain access to the bank as you have Then they will be too late, Sophie said. We removed the keystone. What You removed the keystone from its hiding place? Dont worry, Langdon said. The keystone is well hidden.Extremely well hidden, I hopeActually, Langdon said, unavailing to hide his grin, that depends on how often you dust under your couch.The wind outside Chateau Villette had picked up, and Silass raiment danced in the breeze as he crouched near the window. Although he had been unable to hear much of the conve rsation, the word keystone had sifted through the glass on numerous occasions.It is inside.The Teachers words were fresh in his mind. Enter Chateau Villette. Take the keystone. Hun no one.Now, Langdon and the others had adjourned suddenly to another room, extinguishing the study lights as they went. Feeling like a panther stalking prey, Silas crept to the glass doors. Finding them unlocked, he slipped inside and closed the doors silently behind him. He could hear muffled voices from another room. Silas pulled the pistol from his pocket, turned off the safety, and inched down the hallway.