Corporate social responsibility motivations and country factors Essay Example for Free

Corporate social responsibility motivations and country factors Essay Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is an increasingly important issue for all businesses around the world. CSR covers economic, legal, ethical, and philanthropic responsibilities of firms. Explain the factors that may motivate an MNE to adopt CSR in its international business strategy and operations. How might the country context influence the types of CSR initiatives undertaken? Support your answer with real world examples or cases. While corporate social responsibility (CSR) has existed for a long time, it has garnered attention only in the last two decades as an important aspect of doing business. Academic research on CSR has evolved over the years, indicating a change in how CSR is viewed as time goes by. In the earlier years of CSR research, academics sought to identify a link between CSR and financial performance (Aupperle et al. 1985; McGuire et al. 1998), as though CSR had to be rationalised in order to exist. But moving forward to the present, CSR has been undoubtedly recognised as a need by many organisations, and research has shifted from discussing â€Å"macro social effects to an organisational-level analysis of CSR and its impact on organisational processes and performance† (Lindgreen and Swaen 2010, p. 1). In other words, CSR research has moved from questioning the â€Å"why† to â€Å"how† of doing CSR, reflecting the growing prominence of the practice. CSR involves the â€Å"economic, legal, ethical, and discretionary expectations that society has of organizations at a given point in time† (Carroll 1979, p. 500). These programs are des igned to fulfill a basic economic or social need as expected by the community, honoured by the company in goodwill so as to position oneself as a positively value-driven entity (Swanson 1995; Wood 1991). CSR initiatives can be derived out of self-interest, or external pressure from institutional economics (Meyer and Rowan 1991; North 1992) or when a company decides to rise above its economic function to help and aid stakeholders (Trevino and Nelson, 2004). While there are many reasons for a company to engage in CSR, it ultimately assists the corporation in enhancing its legitimacy (Wood 1991) and fit with society at large (Zensisek 1979), creating a symbiotic relationship between stakeholders and companies (Tuzzolinio and Armandi 1981). Unfortunately, CSR has no consensus definition (Dahlsrud, 2008). It is important to recognise from this that CSR  is a complex and multilayered concept that requires examination from various angles. In this essay, CSR will be understood as a firm’s obligations to act responsibly to all possible stakeholders in the market environment. This essay will now seek to explore the motivations behind pursuing CSR programs by a business organisation, d etermining how various stakeholders and the general public can influence this decision and how the broader country context can affect how a company participates in CSR. In the corporate world, companies are fully engaged in CSR initiatives, with more than 80% of Fortune 500 companies addressing CSR issues (Esrock and Leichty, 1998), reflecting that CSR is more than an ethical or ideological necessity, but also an economic one. As such, more companies today have realised that â€Å"not only doing good is the right thing to do, but it also leads to doing better† (Bhattacharya and Sen 2004, p.9). While it was infamously argued previously that the main purpose of a company was to make profits and thrive economically (Friedman 1970), enterprises now have the option to do so and at the same time, contribute meaningfully to society at large. The reasons for a MNE to engage in CSR initiatives are multiple. Stakeholder theory (Donaldson and Preston 1995) can be used as a skeletal framework to understand where demands for CSR arise. Demand derives from two main groups: consumers and stakeholders. Stakeholders of a company include its investors, employees, suppliers and even the local environment that it is located in. The consumer demand for CSR will be addressed first. CSR engagements may result in producing a good that has socially responsible attributes, such as dolphin-free tuna or a non-animal tested product. It could be in less obvious means, such as a clothing company not ultilising sweat shops or child labour in producing its goods. When consumers buy products that bear such attributes, they believe they are â€Å"indirectly supporting a cause and rewarding firms that devote resources to CSR† (McWilliams and Siegel 2001, p. 119). Consumers are able to identify better with a company that engages in CSR activities and feel a stronger connection or attachment to such firms. Consumer oriented CSR also involve intangible attributes, such as reputation. Having a strong reputation has been linked to attracting more customers, retaining and motivating employees, gaining favour with analysts and the media amongst many more reasons (Bhattacharya and Sen 2004). CSR has come to matter in building a reputation for corporations. The Reputation  Institute ranks the world’s most reputable companies based on the RepTrak ® system. RepTrak ® analyses seven dimensions of corporate reputation: Citizenship, Innovation, Governance, Workplace, Leadership, Products/Services and Financial Performance (Reputation Institute 2013). Of which, three of these dimensions (citizenship, governance and workplace) fall into the CSR category, and analysis has shown that â€Å"42% of how people feel about a firm is based on their perceptions of the a firm’s CSR practices† (Smith 2012, para. 6). The Body Shop, Patagonia and Ben Jerry’s are some examples that stand out in their respective industries having built reputations centring on socially responsible practices. Hence, it is easy to see why consumers drive the demand for companies to engage in CSR activities. Stakeholders too, demand for CSR for various reasons. McWilliams and Siegel (2001, p.122) have posited that employees will support â€Å" progressive labour relations policies, safety, financial security, and workplace amenities, such as childcare. Workers are searching for signals that managers are responding to causes they support†. Nintendo has numerous employee well-being programs in place where all employees can receive support in various aspects of their lives. Free training in life-saving skills and first aid, and subsidies for work safety shoes, transportation costs and even gym memberships are provided to help employees achieve work-life balance and a better well being (Nintendo, 2013). It has been observed that CSR initiatives in a firm typically lead to greater employee work satisfaction where job attitudes are improved and productivity is increased, and is used as a way of attracting talents to a company (Bhattacharya, Sen and Korschun 2012). Valentine and Fleischman (2008) have observed that CSR also plays a part in mediating the relationships between ethics programs and job satisfaction. Taken holistically, effective organisational ethics and CSR activities will incite more â€Å"positive beliefs in the fir m, as well as the immediate work context and culture† (Valentine and Fleischman 2008, p. 167). As observed then, employees play an important role in creating a demand for CSR in firms as they stand to benefit from such programs intrinsically. For both stakeholders and consumers then, CSR programs create an organisational identity that becomes relatable. When companies engage in CSR that underpins their mission and values, stakeholders are able to see an element of themselves in the organisation,  which leads to increased support for the company. As already observed, this can lead to stronger purchase intention in customers, or increased job satisfaction in employees. The largest motivation to pursue CSR for a company though could lie in developing a competitive advantage. While CSR could be executed simply by donating to charities as corporate philanthropy, some firms have recognised CSR as a strategic tool to use and develop in order to answer not only a societal need, but a business issue as well. Strategic CSR is now a form of social innovation, and by answering crucial problems in society that leads to real, long-lasting change; a company will reap the benefits of a better workforce, a new market or higher consumption while adding value to society (Kanter 1999). The need to recognise that economic and social objectives are not distinctively opposing but complementary will lead to CSR that can potentially bring about a social benefit and improve competitiveness (Porter and Kramer, 2002). There are two main business advantages that arise from CSR. Firstly, it presents an opportunity to test out a new technology. Secondly, it provides the opportunity to build political capital by influencing regulations, presenting itself as a market leader or to strengthen relationships with government officials (Kanter 1999). This was exactly what Bell Atlantic did through Project Explore by going into schools to test out their new High-bitrate Digital Subscriber Line (HDSL) technologies with personal computers in the early 1990s. This provided a test ground that would get their technology into the real world and also presented itself as a demonstration site to political leaders for Bell Atlantic to petition favourably for their proposed statewide technology communications plan (Kanter 1999). Bell Atlantic managed to help schools by providing them with computers and new technologies, bettering education and technology literacy, while still achieving a business agenda. The competitive context of a company and its business environment can benefit greatly when economic and social goals are seen as mutually linked. Porter and Kramer (2006) identify four key areas strategic CSR can affect competitive context positively: factor conditions, demand conditions, context for strategy and rivalry, and lastly, related and supported industries. Improving education, in the case of Cisco, enabled them to educate students in computer skills that resulted in a high quality, yet cost effective curriculum due to Cisco’s expertise. Whilst all students from Cisco’s Networking Academy may not work for Cisco, the industry at large benefits. Furthermore, well-trained network administrators who graduate from The Cisco Network Academy create demand for higher quality service and solutions (Porter and Kramer 2006, p. 85). CSR can influence in the creation of a more productive and transparent environment for competition (Porter and Kramer 2006, p. 85), such as Transparency International, where corporations have pledged to disclose and deter corruption in the world. This aids in building fair competition and higher productivity. Finally, a company can benefit by supporting a related industry. For example, American Express funds travel and tourism academics in the recognition of its reliance on the hospitality industry for travel-related spending on its credit cards (Porter and Kramer 2006, p.85). These examples show how CSR can result in tremendous payoffs when executed effectively. While immediate stakeholders c an drive the motivations for CSR initiatives, it is important to consider how the country a company is operating in can affect how CSR activities are chosen and implemented. The different social and cultural differences in each country should be salient enough for managers to acknowledge that CSR cannot be entirely universal, especially in the case of global MNEs. Furthermore, different social needs and problems will be inherent in each country. For example, the prevalence of AIDS/HIV is critical in South Africa. As such, it is only appropriate that companies with a presence in South Africa address this issue; with the likes of Toyota, Sappi and Mercedes-Benz deploying CSR programs that help employees tackle the pandemic of AIDS/HIV. British Petroleum (BP) (BP 2013), a global oil company, undertakes CSR initiatives that are identified as locally relevant, tailoring to the needs of their host communities and societies. A quick glance of their case studies shows various CSR programs ranging from workforce rights in Brazil to community relations in Turkey. While addressing locale-specific issues would be the most effective method of CSR, other factors may e ncourage or hinder such intention. The legal environment can affect the way CSR is implement in a country greatly. It changes either through strong intervention whereby social responsibility is legally stipulated, or a severe lack thereof, which leads to voluntary action by other players (Campbell 2007). France and Brazil are two examples par excellence of how the government can play a key role in creating CSR  demand, albeit in opposite directions. The French government has influenced how CSR has developed and emerged greatly by playing an active role in passing legislation, amongst other policies that requires French companies, including subsidiaries of international firms, to be socially responsible and accountable (Sobczak and Martins 2010, p. 448). On the other hand, Brazil’s history of a military government has fostered a passive environment where innovation is stifled, including that of encouraging improvements for society (Sobczak and Martins 2010, p.449). As such, private actors such as Non Governmental Organisations (NGOs) are most active in Brazil to encourage CSR programs to Brazilian companies. While the legal environment can affect how CSR is implemented in a country, it can also affect what type of CSR is initiated. Although France has passed mandates to enforce listed companies submit reports on social and environment impacts, the main area of concern belies in employment rights (Sobczak and Martins 2010, p. 450). Similarly, Brazilian companies are also strongly focused on employee relations and well-being, that being the key principle of CSR in Brazil (Sobczak and Martins 2010, p. 451). CSR then is only translated into one dimension of obligation and other dimensions, though equally pressing; take a backseat in the case of France and Brazil. Different priorities in a country culturally can affect how CSR is implemented. In such scenarios, international NGOs come in and encourage other concerns to be addressed. This helps to bring harmony to the imbalance within the CSR activities focused in countries such as France and Brazil. For instance, international environmental NGO, the World Wildlife Fund, has collaborated with French companies to allow the use of their logo, one of the most recognisable brands in the world, on products that meet their standards (Sobczak and Martins 2010, p.452). This has encouraged firms in France to meet environmental standards that was not previously crucial in CSR portfolios. Through this, French companies are more receptive to practicing CSR that is not inherent to their usual procedures. Despite the particularity of each country and how CSR is ideally done based on local demands, the reality of the matter is that CSR is not always practiced this way. Global MNEs typically have general and universal guidelines on what CSR activities should be undertaken in host countries, and most managers have to be given permission to pursue local CSR from the parent company . Universalism in CSR practices by MNEs creates linearity and  coherence for all stakeholders, but can result in less powerful CSR practices. On the other hand, localised programs may end up being fragmented or ad hoc. There is undoubtedly differing perspective on which approach is preferable, as each holds its argument convincingly (Muller 2006). As suggested by Husted and Allen (2006) then, the key difference between global or local CSR is the community that demands it. Another key factor that affects the way CSR is conducted is the development of CSR in a globalised world. It has been recognised by scholars (Gugler and Shi 2009; Jamali 2010) that CSR is fundamentally Anglo-Saxon both in history and development. Hence, CSR has a strong presence in the United States and United Kingdom, but is still lacking in both conceptual and practical thinking in countries based in the Southern hemisphere. Jamali and Ramez (2007) has noted that numerous issues with CSR in the Lebanon context. Firstly, CSR is typically executed in tangent to the parent company’s mission and values. While it is not necessarily a bad move to have a universally applicable CSR issue identified by a parent company, this may lead to a lack of agency by foreign subsidiaries to pursue CSR that is truly important in a specific context. Hence, CSR in Lebanon is still largely based on altruistic means and charitable giving, which is considered a low-level and basic method of implementing CSR. Interviewed companies by Jamali (2007) did not track the performance of its CSR outputs, showing that CSR is not implemented for a genuine purpose of serving a long-term positive impact to society, but to address the obligatory needs in order to build a positive corporate image. Due to the lack of understanding from global perspectives and North-driven ideology, countries may derive value and meaning from CSR in their own terms (Gugler and Shi 2009). China has come up with their own standards because of the dilemma of being the â€Å"world’s factory† and cannot comply with various standards demanded from different suppliers, it becomes too costly to be effective. In this instance, the Chinese government has developed various rankings and best practices for Chinese companies, and goes as far as prohibiting international certifications unless approved by the right local authorities (Gugler and Shi 2009, p.15). By doing so, Chinese companies do not face foreign pressure to comply with standards that are unfeasible for their modus operandi. Overall, this essay has shown that there are numerous motivations for companies to practice CSR. Answering demands to  achieve higher satisfaction in consumers and employees, helping to build a reputation and in its most strategic form, creates a competitive advantage for companies are some of the benefits that a company can yield through effective CSR. While there are numerous ben efits of conducting CSR, CSR implementation is highly diverse due to the various legal, socio-economic and cultural factors that each country brings. Furthermore, due to the development and history of CSR, CSR is still very much in its infancy stage in the Southern hemisphere and pressure to develop a CSR programs similar to current ones in the Northern hemisphere becomes unrealistic and untenable. As such, other actors such as international NGOs may step in to realign and create focus for different needs, or countries may come up with their own compliance standards as a global benchmark to ease doing of business internationally. This has shown thus far how CSR is highly complex as a practice, varying from simplistic to more complex approaches, and once again changing within localities due to the needs and issues to be addressed. As CSR continues to develop, one should take notice of how CSR might change in developing countries and how globalisation continues to affect how companies may choose to conduct CSR. References: Aupperle, K. E., et al. (1985). An empirical examination of the relationship between corporate social responsibility and profitability. Academy of Management Journal 28(2): 446-463. Bhattacharya, C., et al. (2012). Using corporate social responsibility to win the war for talent. MIT Sloan Management Review 49. Bhattacharya, C. B. and S. Sen (2004). Doing better at doing good: when, why and how consumers respond to corporate social initatives. California Management Review 47(1): 9-24 BP (2013). Sustainability. from http://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/sustainability.html. Campbell, J. L. (2007). Why would corporations behave in socially responsible ways? An institutional theory of corporate social responsibility. Academy of Management Review 32(3): 946-967. Carroll, A. B. (1979). A three-dimensional conceptual model of corporate performance. Academy of Management Review 4(4): 497-505 Dahlsrud, A. (2008). How corporate social responsibility is defined: an analysis of 37 definitions. C orporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management 15(1): 1-13 Donaldson, T. and L.  E. Preston (1995). The stakeholder theory of the corporation: Concepts, evidence, and implications. Academy of Management Review 20(1): 65 Esrock, S. L. and G. B. Leichty (1998). Social responsibility and corporate web pages: self-presentation or agenda-setting? Public Relations Review 24(3): 305-319. Friedman, M. 1970. The social responsibility of business is to increase profits. New York Times Magazine, September 13: 32–33, 122, 124, 126. Gugler, P. and J. Y. Shi (2009). Corporate social responsibility for developing country multinational corporations: lost war in pertaining global competitiveness? Journal of Business Ethics 87(1): 3-24. Institute, R. (2013). Reputation Institute The Reptrak system. from http://www.reputationinstitute.com/thought-leadership/the-reptrak-system. Jamali, D. (2010). The CSR of MNC subsidiaries in developing countries: Global, local, substantive or diluted? Journal of Business Ethics 93(2): 181-200. Jamali, D. and Ramez, M. (2007). Corporate social responsibility (CSR): theory and practice in a developing country context. Journal of Business Ethics 72(3): 243-262. Kanter, R. M. (1999). From spare change to real change: The social sector as beta site for business innovation. Harvard Business Review 77. Lindgreen, A. and V. Swaen (2010). Corporate social responsibility. International Journal of Management Reviews 12(1): 1-7 McGuire, J. B., et al. (1988). Corporate social responsibility and firm financial performance. Acade my of Management Journal 31(4): 854-872. McWilliams, A. and D. Siegel (2001). Corporate social responsibility: A theory of the firm perspective. Academy of Management Review 26(1): 117-127. Muller, A. (2006). Global versus local CSR strategies. European Management Journal 24(2): 189-198 Meyer, J. and B. Rowan. (1991). Institutional Organizations: Formal Structure as Myth and Ceremony, in P. J. DiMaggio and W. Walter (eds.), The New Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis (University of Chicago Press, Chicago and London), pp. 41–62. Nintendo (2013). Nintendo of America Employee Welfare and Well-being. from http://www.nintendo.com/corp/csr/#welfare. Porter, M. E. and M. R. Kramer (2002). The competitive advantage of corporate philanthropy. Harvard Business Review 80(12): 56-68. Porter, M. E. and M. R. Kramer (2006). Strategy and society. Harvard Business Review 84(12): 78-92. Smith, J. (2012). The companies with the best CSR reputation. from

white fang :: essays research papers

White Fang By Jack London   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  White Fang, by Jack London is an amazing tail of survival and the wild. White fang is a wolf born into a cruel life, but endures it and becomes stronger because of it. He finds hate, but then finds love in the epic tail of this amazing animal.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Two men, Henry and Bill go sledding with six dogs. Each night they camp in the merciless wilderness, a dog is killed by a wolf pack. The wolves come closer to camp every night, until there are three dogs left. One of the wolves is different and bigger then the rest, a she-wolf, who’s use to people and afraid of guns. One day the men’s sled overturned and got caught up in trees. They had to untie the dogs to fix things. One of the dogs saw the she-wolf and took off after her, only to be ambushed by a dozen wolves. The dog ran for his life, while Bill went with his gun to save him. Bill and the dog both became a meal to the wolves. A couple of nights later, so did the rest of the dogs. The only thing that saved Henry was sheltering in the middle of a fire he’d made. By the time the fire had died, other men came with sled dogs to his rescue.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The she-wolf had taken off with her pack, only to abandon them to be with her one-eyed mate. They traveled to an Indian camp and stayed a few nights, then found a cave where the she-wolf had her five puppies. The father loyally went out hunting for them and let them eat before he did. Sometimes food got scarce though and all but one pup died from hunger. The father also died from tangling with a sphinx. The last pup was curious one day, While his mother was hunting, he went out of the cave and got his first kill, baby birds. He also fought with the mother bird, but lost the battle from getting pecked. Later a hawk ate that bird. Then the pup walked up to a stream and accidentally fell in. he was quickly swept downstream. Downstream the cub swam to shore and was met by a weasel and her babies. The pup attacked and was nearly killed by the mother weasel, but his mother came to the rescue. She killed the weasel and they ate it.

Ultrasonic Speed Measurement

â€Å"ULTRA SONIC SPEED MEASUREMENT DEVICE† A PROJECT REPORT Submitted in partial fulfillment Of requirements for award of the degree Of BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY In ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING By: Nimisha Sharma Nishant Tyagi Gaurav Sharma [pic] Department of Electronics & communication engineering Radha Govind Engineering College Meerut, U. P 2009-2010 ULTRA SONIC SPEED MEASUREMENT DEVICE By: Nimisha sharma Nishant tyagi Gaurav sharma [pic] Department of Electronics & communication engineering Radha govind Engineering College Meerut, U. P 2009-2010 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Before we get in to thick of things we would like to add a few heartfelt words for the people who were the part of the project in numerous ways. People who gave unending support right from the stage the idea were conceived. In particular, we wish to thank Mr. P. K Singh Head of the Department, Electronics & Communication and Mr. Abhishek Singh lecturer, Electronics & Communication Department for providing this opportunity to us. After doing this project we can confidently say that this experience would not only enriched us with technical knowledge but also has unparsed the maturity of thought and vision . he attributes required being a successful professional. Gaurav Sharma Nimisha Sharma Nishant Tyagi CANDIDATE’S DECLARATION We, here by certify that the work which is being presented in the project report entitled Ultra sonic speed measurement device in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of degree of BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY in Electronics & Communication Engin eering submitted in the department of Electronics & Communication Engineering of the Institute, is an authentic record of our own work carried out during final year of B. tech degree under the supervision of Mr. P. K Singh Head of the Department, Electronics & Communication and Mr. Abhishek Singh lecturer, Department Electronics & Communication Project group:- Gaurav Sharma (0606931023) Nimisha Sharma (0606931045) Nishant Tyagi (0606931047) This is to certify that the above statement made by the above candidates is correct to the best of my knowledge. Mr. P. K Singh Mr. Abhishek Singh (H. O. D) (Lecturer) Dept. of Electronics & Comm. Dept. of Electronics & Comm. R. G. E. C R. G. E. C Meerut, U. P Meerut, U. P Date†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Date†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Place†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Place†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ a. MEANING OF THE WORD PROJECT†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ . ABSTRACT †¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ c. PARTS OF SPEED MEASUREMENT DEVICE†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢ € ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 2. GENERAL DISCRIPTION AND FEATURES OF MICRO CONTROLLER †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 3. HARDWARE DISCRIPTION†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ a. VOLTAGE REGULATOR LM 7805†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. b. COMPONENTS †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 4. PCB LAYOUT †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ a. STEPS FOR MAKING PCB †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚ ¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦ b. CIRCUIT LAY OUT †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 5. SOFTWARE PROGRAM †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 6. TESTING†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 7. TROUBLESHOOTING †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 8. CONCLUSION†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 9. REFERENCES†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 10. APPENDIX†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. INTRODUCTION MEANING OF PROJECT The project gives the significance of the following field of engineering – P-signifies the phenomenon of planning which deals with symbolic nation and proper arrangement of sense and suggestion receptivity accordingly to the needs R-it is associate with the word resources wh ich guides to promote planning . OJ-this letter signifies the overhead expenses in unestimated expenses that may occur in the manufacture design or layout of the project. E- signifies the word engineering. C- signifies the convey about phenomenon of construction low cost. T-the word T stands for technique. unless there is a technique; it is impossible to complete the project . The conclusion thus arrived is that project is a systematic consideration discussed and proposal in a particular subject . we can say that project includes complete requirement of mechanism , tools , application and needs. It considers the circuit diagram and various operational performances in sequence and data about the instrument and in the last we can say about the project profit loss. CERTIFICATE This is to certify that Mr. GAURAV SHARMA, student of B. Tech (Electronics & communication Engineering) Final year from Radha Govind Engineering College has successfully completed his project â€Å"ULTRA SPEED MEASUREMENT DEVICE†. During the project period he was working under the guidance of Mr. Abhishek Singh (lecturer, Electronics & Communication Engineering Department). His performance during the project has been Excellent. We wish him all the best for his future. Mr. P. K Singh Mr. Abhishek Singh (H. O. D) (Lecturer) Electronics & Comm. Dept. Electronics & Comm. Dept. R. G. E. C R. G. E. C Meerut, (U. P) Meerut, (U. P) CERTIFICATE This is to certify that Ms. NIMISHA SHARMA, student of B. Tech (Electronics & communication Engineering) Final year from Radha Govind Engineering College has successfully completed her project â€Å"ULTRA SPEED MEASUREMENT DEVICE†. During the project period she was working under the guidance of Mr. Abhishek Singh (lecturer, Electronics & Communication Engineering Department). Her performance during the project has been Excellent. We wish her all the best for her future. Mr. P. K Singh Mr. Abhishek Singh (H. O. D) (Lecturer) Electronics & Comm. Dept. Electronics & Comm. Dept. R. G. E. C R. G. E. C Meerut, (U. P) Meerut, (U. P) CERTIFICATE This is to certify that Mr. NISHANT TYAGI, student of B. Tech (Electronics & communication Engineering) Final year from Radha Govind Engineering College has successfully completed his project â€Å"ULTRA SPEED MEASUREMENT DEVICE†. During the project period he was working under the guidance of Mr. Abhishek Singh (lecturer, Electronics & Communication Engineering Department). His performance during the project has been Excellent. We wish him all the best for his future. Mr. P. K Singh Mr. Abhishek Singh (H. O. D) (Lecturer) Electronics & Comm. Dept. Electronics & Comm. Dept. R. G. E. C R. G. E. C Meerut, (U. P) Meerut, (U. P) CHAPTER 1 ABOUT OUR PROJECT Our project the ultrasonic speed measurement device is used to measure speed of a vehicle moving in front of it using ultrasonic waves. The concept of using ultrasonic waves instead of any other communicating tools as infrared and RF is its high preciseness and very less interference by the surrounding. There can various methods that can be opted to design this instrument such as Doppler Effect etc. but we have used the concept of distance measurement at a regular interval. The pulse is being transmitted at a regular interval and the corresponding distance is measured of the two pulses. The difference in the distances is observed and is then divided by the time duration between the two pulses. As result the corresponding speed is obtained. The range of this device is directly dependent on the performance of the transmitter and the receiver. Higher the transmitting and receiving frequency better will be its range. Mathematical analysis(hypothetical) The duration of pulse is 5 milliseconds. The distance for the signal1 be say 3 cm. The distance for the signal2 be say 2. 95 cm. Difference of distances is (3-2. 95) = . 05 cm. Speed = distance/ time Speed = . 05/5 = 10 meters/sec ADVANTAGE AND DISADVANTAGE The major advantages of our project are One of the major advantages our project is its multi utility. It can be used as 1 Speed measurement 2 Distance measurement 3 Car parking controller The other advantage of this project is its cost. Its cost is less than 1000 INR. The precise result is one more advantage of our project. Limitation of our project. The major disadvantage of our project is its range. Due to the use of low frequency transmitter and receiver. High frequency transmitter and receiver give higher range of upto 10 to 15 mtrs Block diagram [pic] Circuit diagram Working In our project Ultrasonic Speed Measurement Device we are going to measure the speed of a moving vehicle. For this we are using the Ultrasonic Sensors. We first generate a 40 KHz signal by taking the time period of 25 microseconds. Then we actually generate the pulse burst with a delay of 5 milliseconds. For this we programmed the microcontroller. We send the pulse by pressing the switch that is connected to the pin no. 1 of the microcontroller. At this moment the distance of the object from the device is measured and is stored in the microcontroller. Then after the delay of 5 milliseconds the second pulse hits the moving object. Again the distance of the object is measured and is stored in the microcontroller. Then we can easily find out the difference in the distance by simply subtracting these two distances. Now we have the distance and also the time. Therefore by the formula speed = distance / time we can find out the speed of the moving object. In the transmitter part we have LM311which is a voltage comparator and is used here as the precision squarer whose pin no. 2 is connected to the pin no. 2 of the microcontroller. Then at pin no. 7 and pin no. 8 the ultrasonic transmitter is placed. In the receiver part we have LM833 for amplification and 74HC14N as the Hex inverting Schmitt trigger. The pin no. 1 of 74HC14N is connected to the pin no. of LM833. The ultrasonic receiver is connected between pin no. 6 of LM833 and ground. These ultrasonic transmitter and receiver are placed close to each other so that there will be minimum noise. Why ultrasonic signal ? ‘ULTRA'-sonic is a sound wave with a frequency above the normal range of human hearing. Most humans can hear up to 16,000 He rtz. Young people can hear almost to 20,000 Hertz. Bats and mice and other small critters can hear much higher and use those sounds to ‘see' the world around them. An ultrasonic imaging device sends a signal into a medium and then listens for the reflected waves. The more receiving transducers you use to pick up the sound the better you can tell what you are ‘looking' at. Reflected waves will reach one receiver before the next based on where the reflecting object is located. Electronics are fast enough to determine the direction and distance to the reflected objects. Also the higher the frequency you broadcast the better resolution you will see. A computer is interfaced with an array of receiving tranceducers and it calculates the direction and distance that the many echos must represent and then it plots the picture of the results. The Image can be displayed or printed. In ultrasonic non destructive testing, high-frequency sound vibrations are transmitted into material by an ultrasonic transducer. The test instrument then analyzes the ultrasonic signals which are received using either a pulse-echo or through-transmission method. In the pulse-echo mode, the transmitting transducer also serves as the ultrasonic receiver and analyzes the reflected signal with respect to amplitude and time. In the through-transmission mode, the ultrasonic signal is received by a separate transducer which analyzes the amplitude loss of signal. These ultrasonic NDT methods will indicate material defects such as longitudinal and transverse cracks, inclusions and others as well as ID/OD dimensions and dimensional changes such as thickness and ovality. Components Component required 1. Ultrasonic Transmitter and Receiver 2. Resistor 3. Capacitor 4. Crystal 5. Preset 6. Switch 7. LCD 8. Power Supply 9. IC’s †¢ LM833 †¢ LM311 †¢ 74HC14N †¢ 7805 10. Micro controller †¢ AT89S52 11. Wires 12. Burst Strip 13. IC Base Specification ULTRASONIC SENSORS [pic] Selection and use of ultrasonic ceramic transducers : The purpose of this application note is to aid the user in the selection and application of the Ultrasonic ceramic transducers. The general transducer design features a piezo ceramic disc bender that is resonant at a nominal frequency of 20 – 60 KHz and radiates or receives ultrasonic energy. They are distinguished from the piezo ceramic audio transducer in that they produce sound waves above 20 KHz that are inaudible to humans and the ultrasonic energy is radiated or received in a relatively narrow beam. The â€Å"open† type ultrasonic transducer design exposes the piezo bender bonded with a metal conical cone behind a protective screen. The â€Å"enclosed† type transducer design has the piezo bender mounted directly on the underside of the top of the case which is then machined to resonant at the desired frequency. The â€Å"PT and EP† type transducer has more internal damper for minimizing â€Å"ringing†, which usually operates as a transceiver – oscillating in a short period and then switching to receiving mode. Comparative characteristics : When compared to the enclosed transducer, the open type receiver will develop more electrical output at a given sound pressure level (high sensitivity) and exhibit less reduction in output as the operating frequency deviates from normal resonant frequency (greater bandwidth). The open type transmitter will produce more output for a specific drive level (more efficient). The enclosed type transducer is designed for very dusty or outdoor applications. The face of the transducer must be kept clean and free of damage to prevent losses. The transmitter is designed to have low impedance at the resonant frequency to obtain high mechanical efficiency. The receiver is constructed to maximize the impedance at the specified anti-resonant frequency to provide high electrical efficiency. Sound propagation : In order to properly select a transducer for a given application, it is important to be aware of the principles of sound propagation. Since sound is a wave phenomenon, its propagation and directivity are related to its wavelength (? ). A typical radiation power pattern for either a generator or receiver of waves is shown in Figure 1. Due to the reciprocity of transmission and reception, the graph portrays both power radiated along a given direction (in case of wave production), and the sensitivity along a given direction (in case of wave reception). As an example of a typical situation, a transducer of 400ET250 has an effective diameter of 23 mm (1mm wall thickness) will produce a main beam (-6dB) with full width of 30 ° at a frequency of 40 KHz. For open type transducers, the beam is decided by the angular and diameter of conical cone attached on the bender inside of housing and the opening diameter so it can not be simply calculated by the diameter of the housing. The intensity of sound waves decrease with the distance from the sound source, as might be expected for any wave phenomenon. This decrease is principal a combination of two effects. The first is the inverse square law or spherical divergence in which the intensity drop 6dB per distance doubled. This rate is common to all wave phenomena regardless of frequency. The second effect causing the intensity to decrease is the absorption of the wave by the air (see figure 2). Absorption effects vary with humidity and dust content of the air and most importantly, they vary with frequency of the wave. Absorption at 20 KHz is about 0. 02dB/30 cm. It is clear that lower frequencies are better suited for long range propagation. Of course, the selection of a lower frequency will result in less directivity (for a given diameter of source of receiver). [pic] How far the transducer could reach? One of the most frequently asked questions is â€Å"How far the transducer could reach? †. This question can be answered by a simple calculation that is based on the published specifications in the Ultrasonic Ceramic Transducer Data Sheets. The basic procedure is to first determine the minimum sound pressure level developed at the front end of the receiver for a specific transmitter driving voltage and distance between the transmitter and receiver (transceiver has double distance between reflect target). This SPL must then be converted â€Å"Pa† (Pascal) or â€Å"? bar† (microbar) units. The sensitivity of the receiver must then be converted from a dB reference to an absolute mV/Pa or ? bar level resent to obtain the final output. Assume a 400ST160 transmitter is driven at a level of 20Vrms and a 400SR160 receiver is located 5 meters from the ransmitter and loaded with a 3. K Ohm resistor (loaded resistor value varies receiver sensitivity, please see â€Å"Acoustic Performance† of transducer data sheet). The analysis is necessary to the fundamental understanding of the principals of sound wave propagation and detection but it is tedious. The figure 10 below is a graphical representation of previous analysis which may be used once in the SPL at the receiver is determined. Enter the graph from the SPL axis and proceed upward to an intersection with –dB sensitivity level of the receiver using the 1V/? bar referenced data. Follow a horizontal line to the â€Å"Y† axis to obtain the receiver output in V. At Receiver Ultrasonic echo ranging : Ultrasonic ranging systems are used to determine the distance to an object by measuring the time required for an ultrasonic wave to travel to the object and return to the source. This technique is frequently referred to as â€Å"echo ranging†. The distance to the object may be related to the time it will take for an ultrasonic pulse to propagate the distance to the object and return to the source by dividing the total distance by the speed of sound which is 344 meters/second or 13. 54 inches/millisecond. IC’s [pic] BASIC OF LM833 Low noise dual operational amplifier It is a monolithic dual operational amplifier particularly well suited for audio applications. It Offers low voltage noise (4. 5nV/vHz) and high frequency performances (15MHz Gain Bandwidth Product, 7V/? s slew rate). In addition the LM833 has also a very low distortion (0. 002%) and excellent phase/gain margins. [pic] TOP VIEW AND PIN SET [pic] Features of LM833 †¢ LOW VOLTAGE NOISE: 4. 5nV/vHz †¢ HIGH GAIN BANDWIDTH PRODUCT: †¢ 15MHz †¢ HIGH SLEW RATE: 7V/? s †¢ LOW DISTORTION: 0. 002% †¢ EXCELLENT FREQUENCY STABILITY †¢ ESD PROTECTION 2kV Basic of LM311 The LM111 series are voltage comparators that have input currents approximately a hundred times lower than devices like the mA710. They are designed to operate over a wider range of supply voltages; from standard  ±15 V op amp supplies down to a single 3 V supply. Their output is compatible with RTL, DTL, and TTL as well as MOS circuits. Further, they can drive lamps or relays, switching voltages up to 50 V at currents as high as 50mA. Both the inputs and the outputs of the LM111 series can be isolated from system ground, and the output can drive loads referred to ground, the positive supply, or the negative supply. Offset balancing and strobe capability are provided and outputs can be wire-ORed. Although slower than the mA710 (200 ns response time versus 40 ns), the devices are also much less prone to spurious oscillations. [pic] TOP VIEW AND PIN SET [pic] features FEATURES †¢ Operates from single 3 V supply (LM311B) †¢ Maximum input bias current: 150 nA (LM311: 250 nA) †¢ Maximum offset current: 20 nA (LM311: 50 nA) †¢ Differential input voltage range:  ±30 V †¢ Power consumption: 135 mW at  ±15 V †¢ High sensitivity: 200 V/mV †¢ Zero crossing detector 7805 The 7805 series of three-terminal positive regulator are available in the TO-220/D-PAK package and with several fixed output voltages, making them useful in a wide range of applications. Each type employs internal current limiting, thermal shut down and safe operating area protection, making it essentially indestructible. If adequate heat sinking is provided, they can deliver over 1A output current. Although designed primarily as fixed voltage regulators, these devices can be used with external components to obtain adjustable voltages and currents. [pic] 1 2 3 [pic] Internal diagram [pic] Features †¢ Output Current up to 1A Output Voltages of 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 18, 24V †¢ Thermal Overload Protection †¢ Short Circuit Protection †¢ Output Transistor Safe Operating Area Protection 74HC14N HEX SCHMITT TRIGGER INVERTER Basic of 7414 Each circuit functions as an inverter, but because of the Schmitt action, it has different input threshold levels for positive (VT+) and for negative going(Vt-) signals. These circuit are temperature compensated and can be triggered from the slowest Micro controller AT89S52 Basic of AT89S52 The AT89S52 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with 8K bytes of in-system programmable Flash memory. The device is manufactured using Atmel’s high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry- standard 80C51 instruction set and pinout. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with in-system programmable Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89S52 is a powerful microcontroller which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications. The AT89S52 provides the following standard features: 8K bytes of Flash, 256 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, Watchdog timer, two data pointers, three 16-bit timer/counters, a six-vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator, and clock circuitry. In addition, the AT89S52 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port, and interrupt system to continue functioning. The Power-down mode saves the RAM contents but freezes the oscillator, disabling all other chip functions until the next interrupt or hardware reset. [pic] Features of AT89S52 †¢ Compatible with MCS-51 ® Products †¢ 8K Bytes of In-System Programmable (ISP) Flash Memory – Endurance: 1000 Write/Erase Cycles †¢ 4. 0V to 5. 5V Operating Range †¢ Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 33 MHz †¢ Three-level Program Memory Lock †¢ 256 x 8-bit Internal RAM †¢ 32 Programmable I/O Lines †¢ Three 16-bit Timer/Counters †¢ Eight Interrupt Sources †¢ Full Duplex UART Serial Channel †¢ Low-power Idle and Power-down Modes †¢ Interrupt Recovery from Power-down Mode Watchdog Timer †¢ Dual Data Pointer †¢ Power-off Flag †¢ Fast Programming Time †¢ Flexible ISP Programming (Byte and Page Mode) Coding ; line 1 ; #include CLINE0 ; end of line 0 ; line 1 ; /* CLINE1 ; end of line 1 ; line 2 ; SFR31. H CLINE2 ; end of line 2 ; line 3 ; Copyright 1995 SPJ Systems, Pune CLINE3 ; end of line 3 ; line 4 ; CLINE4 ; end of line 4 ; line 5 ; This header file contains SFR declarations for the CPU 8031 CLINE5 ; end of line 5 ; line 6 ; Please note that you will have to include SFR31. H in your program, if you CLINE6 ; end of line 6 ; line 7 ; wish to access the SFRs from your C program. CLINE7 ; end of line 7 line 8 ; */ CLINE8 ; end of line 8 ; line 9 ; CLINE9 ; end of line 9 ; line 10 ; SFRACC0xe0 CLINE10 ACCequ0e0h ; end of line 10 ; line 11 ; SFRREG_B0xf0 CLINE11 REG_Bequ0f0h ; end of line 11 ; line 12 ; SFRPSW0xd0 CLINE12 PSWequ0d0h ; end of line 12 ; line 13 ; SFRSP0x81 CLINE13 SPequ081h ; end of line 13 ; line 14 ; SFRDPL0x82 CLINE14 DPLequ082h ; end of line 14 ; line 15 ; SFRDPH0x83 CLINE15 DPHequ083h ; end of line 15 ; line 16 ; SFRP00x80 CLINE16 P0equ080h ; end of line 16 ; line 17 ; SFRP10x90 CLINE17 P1equ090h ; end of line 17 ; line 18 ; SFRP20xa0 CLINE18 P2equ0a0h ; end of line 18 ; line 19 ; SFRP30x b0 CLINE19 P3equ0b0h end of line 19 ; line 20 ; SFRIP0xb8 CLINE20 IPequ0b8h ; end of line 20 ; line 21 ; SFRIE0xa8 CLINE21 IEequ0a8h ; end of line 21 ; line 22 ; SFRTMOD0x89 CLINE22 TMODequ089h ; end of line 22 ; line 23 ; SFRTCON0x88 CLINE23 TCONequ088h ; end of line 23 ; line 24 ; SFRTH00x8c CLINE24 TH0equ08ch ; end of line 24 ; line 25 ; SFRTL00x8a CLINE25 TL0equ08ah ; end of line 25 ; line 26 ; SFRTH10x8d CLINE26 TH1equ08dh ; end of line 26 ; line 27 ; SFRTL10x8b CLINE27 TL1equ08bh ; end of line 27 ; line 28 ; SFRSCON0x98 CLINE28 SCONequ098h ; end of line 28 ; line 29 ; SFRSBUF0x99 CLINE29 SBUFequ099h ; end of line 29 ; line 30 ; SFRPCON0x87 CLINE30 PCONequ087h ; end of line 30 ; line 31 ; CLINE31 ; end of line 31 ; line 2 CLINE0 ; end of line 0 ; line 1 ; /*float. h CLINE1 ; end of line 1 ; line 2 ; CLINE2 ; end of line 2 ; line 3 ; Copyright (c) SPJ Systems 1998 CLINE3 ; end of line 3 ; line 4 ; All Rights Reserved. CLINE4 ; end of line 4 ; line 5 ; */ CLINE5 ; end of line 5 ; line 6 ; CLINE6 ; end of line 6 ; line 7 ; #define FLT_RADIX2 CLINE7 ; end of line 7 ; line 8 ; #define FLT_DIG6 CLINE8 ; end of line 8 ; line 9 ; CLINE9 ; end of line 9 ; line 10 ; #define FLT_MANT_DIG24 CLINE10 ; end of line 10 ; line 11 ; #define FLT_MAX_EXP+128 CLINE11 ; end of line 11 ; line 12 #define FLT_MIN_EXP-125 CLINE12 ; end of line 12 ; line 13 ; CLINE13 ; end of line 13 ; line 3 CLINE0 ; end of line 0 ; line 1 ; #definestart_timer0()asmsetbtcon. 4 CLINE1 ; end of line 1 ; line 2 ; #definestop_timer0()asmclrtcon. 4 CLINE2 ; end of line 2 ; line 3 ; #definestart_timer1()asmsetbtcon. 6 CLINE3 ; end of line 3 ; line 4 ; #definestop_timer1()asmc lrtcon. 6 CLINE4 ; end of line 4 ; line 5 ; #defineex0_edge()asmsetbtcon. 0 CLINE5 ; end of line 5 ; line 6 ; #defineex0_level()asmclrtcon. 0 CLINE6 ; end of line 6 ; line 7 ; #defineex1_edge()asmsetbtcon. 2 CLINE7 ; end of line 7 ; line 8 ; #defineex1_level()asmclrtcon. 2 CLINE8 ; end of line 8 ; line 9 ; #defineenable_rx()asmsetbscon. 4 CLINE9 ; end of line 9 ; line 10 ; #definedisable_rx()asmclrscon. 4 CLINE10 ; end of line 10 ; line 11 ; #defineclr_ti()asmclrscon. 1 CLINE11 ; end of line 11 ; line 12 ; #defineclr_ri()asmclrscon. 0 CLINE12 ; end of line 12 ; line 13 ; #defineenable_ex0()asmorlie,#81h CLINE13 ; end of line 13 ; line 14 ; #defineenable_t0()asmorlie,#82h CLINE14 ; end of line 14 ; line 15 ; #defineenable_ex1()asmorlie,#84h CLINE15 ; end of line 15 ; line 16 ; #defineenable_t1()asmorlie,#88h CLINE16 ; end of line 16 ; line 17 ; #defineenable_ser()asmorlie,#90h CLINE17 ; end of line 17 line 18 ; #defineenable_t2()asmorlie,#0a0h CLINE18 ; end of line 18 ; line 19 ; #defineenable_all()asmmovie,#0bfh CLINE19 ; end of line 19 ; line 20 ; #defineenable()asmsetbie. 7 ; sets only the MSB CLINE20 ; end of line 20 ; line 21 ; #definedisable_ex0()asmanlie,#0feh CLINE21 ; end of line 21 ; line 22 ; #definedisable_t0()asmanlie,#0fdh CLINE22 ; end of line 22 ; line 23 ; #definedisable_ex1()asmanlie,#0fbh CLINE23 ; end of line 23 ; line 24 ; #definedisable_t1()asmanlie,#0f7h CLINE24 ; end of line 24 ; line 25 ; #definedisable_ser()asmanlie,#0efh CLINE25 ; end of line 25 ; line 26 ; #definedisable_t2()asmanlie,#0dfh CLINE26 end of line 26 ; line 27 ; #definedisable_all()asmmovie,#0 CLINE27 ; end of line 27 ; line 28 ; #definedisable()asmclrie. 7 ; clears only the MSB CLINE28 ; end of line 28 ; line 29 ; #defineset_hi_ex0()asmorlip,#1h CLINE29 ; end of line 29 ; line 30 ; #defineset_hi_t0()asmorlip,#2h CLINE30 ; end of line 30 ; line 31 ; #defineset_hi_ex1()asmorlip,#4h CLINE31 ; end of line 31 ; line 32 ; #defineset_hi_t1()asmorlip,#8h CLINE32 ; end of line 32 ; line 33 ; #defineset_hi_ser()asmorlip,#10h CLINE33 ; end of line 33 ; line 34 ; #defineset_hi_t2()asmorlip,#20h CLINE34 ; end of line 34 ; line 35 ; #defineset_lo_ex0()asmanlip,#0feh CLINE35 ; end of line 35 ; line 36 ; #defineset_lo_t0()asmanlip,#0fdh CLINE36 ; end of line 36 ; line 37 ; #defineset_lo_ex1()asmanlip,#0fbh CLINE37 ; end of line 37 ; line 38 ; #defineset_lo_t1()asmanlip,#0f7h CLINE38 ; end of line 38 ; line 39 ; #defineset_lo_ser()asmanlip,#0efh CLINE39 ; end of line 39 ; line 40 ; #defineset_lo_t2()asmanlip,#0dfh CLINE40 ; end of line 40 ; line 41 ; #defineset_double_baud()asmorlpcon,#80h CLINE41 ; end of line 41 ; line 42 ; #defineclr_double_baud()asmanlpcon,#7fh CLINE42 ; end of line 42 ; line 43 ; #definepowerdown()asmorlpcon,#2 CLINE43 ; end of line 43 ; line 44 ; #definego_idle()asmorlpcon,#1 CLINE44 ; end of line 44 ; line 45 ; #defineset_t0_mode(gate,c_t,mode)asmorltmod,#((gate * 8) + (c_t * 4) + mode) CLINE45 ; end of line 45 ; line 46 ; #defineset_t1_mode(gate,c_t,mode)asmorltmod,#(((gate * 8) + (c_t * 4) + mode) * 16) CLINE46 ; end of line 46 ; line 47 ; #defineset_com_mode(mode,sm2,ren)asmmovscon,#((mode * 64) + (sm2 * 32) + (ren * 16)) CLINE47 ; end of line 47 ; line 48 ; CLINE48 ; end of line 48 line 4 CLINE0 ; end of line 0 ; line 1 CLINE1 ; end of line 1 ; line 2 ; CLINE2 ; end of line 2 ; line 3 ; Copyright (c) SPJ Systems 1998 CLINE3 ; end of line 3 ; line 4 ; All Rights Reserved. CLINE4 ; end of line 4 line 5 ; */ CLINE5 ; end of line 5 ; line 6 ; CLINE6 ; end of line 6 ; line 7 ; unsigned char inportb (unsigned int portid) ; CLINE7 ; end of line 7 ; line 8 ; void outportb (unsigned int portid, unsigned int value) ; CLINE8 ; end of line 8 ; line 9 ; unsigned char peekb (unsigned int addr) ; CLINE9 ; end of line 9 ; line 10 ; void pokeb (unsigned int addr, uns igned int value) ; CLINE10 ; end of line 10 ; line 11 ; void set_tcnt (int tnum, unsigned int count) ; CLINE11 ; end of line 11 ; line 12 ; void delay (int count) ; CLINE12 ; end of line 12 ; line 13 ; void delay_ms (int count) ; CLINE13 ; end of line 13 ; line 14 unsigned char lo_nibb (unsigned char ch) ; CLINE14 ; end of line 14 ; line 15 ; unsigned char hi_nibb (unsigned char ch) ; CLINE15 ; end of line 15 ; line 16 ; int getbyte () ; CLINE16 ; end of line 16 ; line 17 ; void sendbyte (unsigned char ch) ; CLINE17 ; end of line 17 ; line 18 ; int ser_rdy () ; CLINE18 ; end of line 18 ; line 19 ; void init_ser () ; CLINE19 ; end of line 19 ; line 20 ; CLINE20 ; end of line 20 ; line 21 ; #defineINT_EXT01 CLINE21 ; end of line 21 ; line 22 ; #defineINT_TMR02 CLINE22 ; end of line 22 ; line 23 ; #defineINT_EXT13 CLINE23 ; end of line 23 ; line 24 ; #defineINT_TMR14 CLINE24 ; end of line 24 line 25 ; #defineINT_SER5 CLINE25 ; end of line 25 ; line 26 ; #defineINT_TMR26 CLINE26 ; end o f line 26 ; line 27 ; CLINE27 ; end of line 27 ; line 5 CLINE0 ; end of line 0 ; line 1 ; /*math. h CLINE1 ; end of line 1 ; line 2 ; CLINE2 ; end of line 2 ; line 3 ; Copyright (c) SPJ Systems 1998 CLINE3 ; end of line 3 ; line 4 ; All Rights Reserved. CLINE4 ; end of line 4 ; line 5 ; */ CLINE5 ; end of line 5 ; line 6 ; CLINE6 ; end of line 6 ; line 7 ; #definepye3. 14285714285714 CLINE7 ; end of line 7 ; line 8 ; #definepyex26. 28571428571429 CLINE8 ; end of line 8 ; line 9 ; #definepye_2 1. 57142857142857 CLINE9 ; end of line 9 line 10 ; #definepyex3_2 4. 71428571428571 CLINE10 ; end of line 10 ; line 11 ; #defineLOG20. 30102999566 CLINE11 ; end of line 11 ; line 12 ; #defineNLOG20. 69314718056 CLINE12 ; end of line 12 ; line 13 ; #defineCONST_M0. 43429 CLINE13 ; end of line 13 ; line 14 ; CLINE14 ; end of line 14 ; line 15 ; float sin (float x) ; CLINE15 ; end of line 15 ; line 16 ; float cos (float x) ; CLINE16 ; end of line 16 ; line 17 ; float tan (float x) ; CLINE17 ; end of line 17 ; line 18 ; float asin(float x) ; CLINE18 ; end of line 18 ; line 19 ; float acos (float x) ; CLINE19 ; end of line 19 ; line 20 ; float sinh (float x) ; CLINE20 ; end of line 20 ; line 21 ; float cosh (float x) ; CLINE21 ; end of line 21 ; line 22 ; float tanh (float x) ; CLINE22 ; end of line 22 ; line 23 ; float exp (float x_flval); CLINE23 ; end of line 23 ; line 24 ; float log (float value) ; CLINE24 ; end of line 24 ; line 25 ; float log10 (float value) ; CLINE25 ; end of line 25 ; line 26 ; float pow (float x, float y) ; CLINE26 ; end of line 26 ; line 27 ; float sqrt (float x) ; CLINE27 ; end of line 27 ; line 28 ; float ceil (float x) ; CLINE28 ; end of line 28 ; line 29 ; float floor (float x) ; CLINE29 ; end of line 29 ; line 30 ; float fabs (float x) ; CLINE30 end of line 30 ; line 31 ; float ldexp (float number, int power) ; CLINE31 ; end of line 31 ; line 32 ; float frexp (float number, int *power) ; CLINE32 ; end of line 32 ; line 33 ; float modf (float x, float *ipart) ; CLINE33 ; end of line 33 ; line 34 ; float fmod (float n1, float n2) ; CLINE34 ; end of line 34 ; line 35 ; CLINE35 ; end of line 35 ; line 6 CLINE0 ; end of line 0 ; line 1 ; /*stdlib. h CLINE1 ; end of line 1 ; line 2 ; CLINE2 ; end of line 2 ; line 3 ; Copyright (c) SPJ Systems 1998 CLINE3 ; end of line 3 ; line 4 ; All Rights Reserved. CLINE4 ; end of line 4 ; line 5 ; */ CLINE5 ; end of line 5 line 6 ; CLINE6 ; end of line 6 ; line 7 ; float atof (char *s) ; CLINE7 ; end of line 7 ; line 8 ; int atoi (char *s) ; CLINE8 ; end of line 8 ; line 9 ; long int atol (char *s) ; CLINE9 ; end of line 9 ; line 10 ; int abs (int n) ; CLINE10 ; end of line 10 ; line 11 ; long int labs (long int n) ; CLINE11 ; end of line 11 ; line 12 ; CLINE12 ; end of line 12 ; line 13 ; void int2bcd (int value, char *dest, int ndigits) ; CLINE13 ; end of line 13 ; line 14 ; void itoa_c31 (int value, char *dest, int ndigits) ; CLINE14 ; end of line 14 ; line 15 ; void ui2a_c31 (unsigned int value, char *dest, int ndigits) ; CLINE15 end of line 15 ; line 16 ; void ui2bcd (unsigned int value, char *dest, int ndigits) ; CLINE16 ; end of line 16 ; line 17 ; CLINE17 ; end of line 17 ; line 18 ; void long2bcd (long int val, char *dest, int cnt) ; CLINE18 ; end of line 18 ; line 19 ; void ltoa_c31 (long int val, char *dest, int cnt) ; CLINE19 ; end of line 19 ; line 20 ; CLINE20 ; end of line 20 ; line 7 ; #include CLINE0 ; end of line 0 ; line 1 ; /*etc. h CLINE1 ; end of line 1 ; line 2 ; CLINE2 ; end of line 2 ; line 3 ; Copyright (c) SPJ Systems 1998 CLINE3 ; end of line 3 ; line 4 ; All Rights Reserved. CLINE4 ; end of line 4 ; line 5 ; */ CLINE5 end of line 5 ; line 6 ; CLINE6 ; end of line 6 ; line 7 ; int bcd2int (char *str, int ndigits) ; CLINE7 ; end of line 7 ; line 8 ; void flot2str (float value, char *dest) ; CLINE8 ; end of line 8 ; line 9 ; CLINE9 ; end of line 9 ; line 8 ; #include CLINE0 ; end of line 0 ; line 1 ; /*string. h CLINE1 ; end of line 1 ; line 2 ; CLINE2 ; end of line 2 ; line 3 ; Copyright (c) SPJ Systems 1998 CLINE3 ; end of line 3 ; line 4 ; All Rights Reserved. CLINE4 ; end of line 4 ; line 5 ; */ CLINE5 ; end of line 5 ; line 6 ; CLINE6 ; end of line 6 ; line 7 ; char * strcpy (char *dest, char *src) ; CLINE7 ; end of line 7 ; line 8 char * strncpy (char *dest, char *src, int maxlen) ; CLINE8 ; end of line 8 ; line 9 ; char * strcat (char *dest, char *src) ; CLINE9 ; end of line 9 ; line 10 ; int strcmp (char *s1, char *s2) ; CLINE10 ; end of line 10 ; line 11 ; unsigned int strlen (char *src) ; CLINE11 ; end of line 11 ; line 12 ; char * strlwr (char *s) ; CLINE12 ; end of line 12 ; line 13 ; char * strupr (char *s) ; CLINE13 ; end of line 13 ; line 14 ; CLINE14 ; end of line 14 ; line 15 ; void * memset (void *s, int c, int n) ; CLINE15 ; end of line 15 ; line 16 ; CLINE16 ; end of line 16 ; line 9 ; CLINE9 ; end of line 9 ; line 10 ; CLINE10 end of line 10 ; line 11 CLINE11 ; end of line 11 ; line 12 CLINE12 ; end of line 12 ; line 13 CLINE13 ; end of line 13 ; line 14 CLINE14 ; end of line 14 ; line 15 ; CLINE15 ; end of line 15 ; line 16 CLINE16 ; end of line 16 ; line 17 CLI NE17 ; end of line 17 ; line 18 ; float f1,f2,s1,s2; CLINE18 ; end of line 18 ; line 19 ; CLINE19 ; end of line 19 ; line 20 ; /*************************************************** CLINE20 ; end of line 20 ; line 21 ; * Prototype(s) * CLINE21 ; end of line 21 ; line 22 ; ***************************************************/ CLINE22 ; end of line 22 line 23 ; CLINE23 ; end of line 23 ; line 24 CLINE24 ; end of line 24 ; line 25 CLINE25 ; end of line 25 ; line 26 CLINE26 ; end of line 26 ; line 27 CLINE27 ; end of line 27 ; line 28 CLINE28 ; end of line 28 ; line 29 ; void LCD_init(); CLINE29 ; end of line 29 ; line 30 ; CLINE30 ; end of line 30 ; line 31 ; /*************************************************** CLINE31 ; end of line 31 ; line 32 ; * Sources * CLINE32 ; end of line 32 ; line 33 ; ***************************************************/ CLINE33 ; end of line 33 ; line 34 CLINE34 ; line 35 ; { CLINE35 _LCD_delay: end of line 35 ; line 36 ; unsigned char n; CLINE36 ; end of line 36 ; line 37 ; unsigned char i; CLINE37 ; end of line 37 ; line 38 CLINE38 pushbp movbp,sp incsp incsp for0: movr1,bp incr1 incr1 [email  protected],#0 for_in0: mova,bp adda,#0fdh movr1,a movmyacc,@r1 movr0,#myacc movr1,bp incr1 incr1 mova,@r1 clrc subba,@r0 clra movacc. 0,c [email  protected],a mova,myacc jnzfor_ok0 ljmpfor_out0 for_ok0: ; line 39 ; { CLINE39 ; line 40 CLINE40 for1: movr1,bp incr1 [email  protected],#0 for_in1: movr1,bp incr1 movr0,#myacc mova,@r1 clrc subba,#100 clra movacc. 0,c [email  protected],a mova,myacc jnzfor_ok1 ljmpfor_out1 for_ok1: ; line 41 ; { CLINE41 ; line 42 asm nop CLINE42 nop ; line 43 ; } CLINE43 for_inc1: movr1,bp incr1 [email  protected] ljmpfor_in1 for_out1: ; line 44 ; } CLINE44 for_inc0: movr1,bp incr1 incr1 [email  protected] ljmpfor_in0 for_out0: ; end of line 44 ; line 45 ; CLINE45 ; end of line 45 ; line 46 ; } CLINE46 movsp,bp popbp ret ; end of line 46 ; line 47 ; CLINE47 ; end of line 47 ; line 48 ; CLINE48 ; end of line 48 ; line 49CLINE49 ; line 50 ; { CLINE50 _LCD_command: ; end of line 50 ; line 51 CLINE51 pushbp movbp,sp mova,bp adda,#0fdh movr1,a mov160,@r1 ; end of line 51 ; line 52 CLINE52 clr P3. 2 ; end of line 52 ; line 53 CLINE53 clr p3. 1 ; end of line 53 line 54 CLINE54 setb P3. 0 ; end of line 54 ; line 55 CLINE55 clr P3. 0 ; end of line 55 ; line 56 CLINE56 mova,#01h pushacc lcall_LCD_delay decsp ; end of line 56 ; line 57 ; } CLINE57 movsp,bp popbp ret ; end of line 57 ; line 58 ; CLINE58 ; end of line 58 ; line 59 CLINE59 ; line 60 ; { CLINE60 _LCD_putc: ; end of line 60 ; line 61 ; P2 = ascii; CLINE61 pushbp movbp,sp mova,bp adda,#0fdh movr1,a mov160,@r1 ; end of line 61 ; line 62 CLINE62 setb P3. 2 ; end of line 62 ; line 63 ; asm clr p3. 1 CLINE63 clr p3. 1 ; end of line 63 ; line 64 CLINE64 setb P3. 0 ; end of line 64 ; line 65 ; asm clr P3. 0 CLINE65

Personal Statement On Origin Family - 1253 Words

The purpose of my paper is to identify my of origin family. I will be doing a cultural autobiography. I will be addressing my families overall background for previous generations into the present generation. Furthermore, I also will be discussing the factors that contributed to the overall attitudes towards my family origin. In my paper, I will target three areas this week, which is gender, socio economic, and spirituality. When I was younger, my mother always preached to her children the importance of knowing our family heritage. Coming from a family who is Cuban the dynamics centered on hanging with our families on reunions and being at weddings and our cousin’s birthday. This reason is why my mother felt†¦show more content†¦My mother did not stick to the traditional Cuban ways in the family. I know that my mother preached to my brothers that there job is to provide and protect and nourish their families when, they got older and till this day they abide by these principles. This statements stemmed from my mother’s father because, even though he made significantly less than my grandmother, he made sure to pay all the bills and her money was strictly her money. Another goal was my mother’s mom believed that the woman needs to nurture their children because, my grandmother did not believe in society raising her children. This example, is why my mother held of getting her c areers started because she wanted to make sure that her children were top priority in their childhood and early adolescents. Even though my sister and I are grow women my mother preached to my sister and myself to be there for our children. This behavior ties in with the roles that a Cuban woman that fulfill in her life. Additionally there are certain ways that my brother’s dealt with punishment that me and my sister did not have to deal with punishment. For example, there were times that I felt like my mother was harder on my sister and myself than she is harder on the boys. 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